44 results about "Redox cycle" patented technology

This disclosure provides redox cyclable molecules for energy storage. These molecules belong to either the 4H-pyran-4-ylidene family or include a six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen atom at position 1 (pyridinium family) or two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4 (pyrazinium family) or at positions 1 and 3 (pyrimidinium family). Molecules in these families are used as analytes in redox flow batteries.

The invention discloses cerium oxide / piezoelectric material composite nano-enzyme for an antifouling coating as well as a preparation method and application of the cerium oxide / piezoelectric material composite nano-enzyme, and belongs to the technical field of material chemistry and marine protection. The preparation method of the composite nano-enzyme comprises the following steps: dispersing a metal cerium source and a piezoelectric material source in a solvent according to a mass ratio of 1: (1-5), carrying out phase formation and composite treatment, and collecting a solid product after treatment, thereby obtaining the composite nano-enzyme. The composite nano-enzyme can be used for marine antifouling paint to form a functional material system capable of realizing self-driven antifouling by directly utilizing mechanical energy such as ocean waves, vibration and the like. According to the system, mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy to drive in-situ generation of H2O2, and Ce < 3 + > / Ce < 4 + > redox cycle is utilized to efficiently convert H2O2 into ROS, so that sustainable antibacterial and anti-biological adhesion effects are achieved, toxic substances are not released, and the system belongs to an environment-friendly protection technology.

The invention is applicable to the technical field of treatment of organic pollutants in water, and provides a catalytic material for degrading perfluoro-polyfluorinated compounds as well as a preparation method and application of the catalytic material. Through defect engineering and crystal face regulation and control, the CoFe2O4 / BiOCl (010)-Ovs heterojunction material rich in oxygen vacancies is constructed. According to the material, the conductivity is remarkably enhanced, the light response range is widened, reaction active sites are enriched, separation and migration of photon-generated carriers are promoted, the electron-hole utilization efficiency is improved, and then the photoelectrocatalysis performance is improved. The material accelerates the redox cycle of Co < 2 + > / Co < 3 + > and Fe < 2 + > / Fe < 3 + >, significantly improves the activation efficiency of PMS and the generation of active oxygen species, and has the multifunctional characteristics of photoelectrocatalysis and PMS activation. The PMS / PMS composite material is prepared into a photo-anode, the photo-anode is applied to a photoelectrocatalysis-PMS coupling system, under low voltage, PMS is activated through photon-generated carriers to generate ROS, a multi-ROS synergistic oxidation path is formed, and efficient degradation and defluorination mineralization of PFASs are achieved. The system has excellent stability and environmental adaptability, and has a wide application prospect.

Systems and methods to detect a polynucleotide strand in a sample during the early stage of amplification cycles. A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) electrode unit with two metal electrodes separated by a dielectric layer may be utilized as a nanogap sensor. Primers for amplifying a target polynucleotide strand may be immobilized on the surface of the dielectric layer. Polymerases, nucleotides, templates and primers may be added to the sample. At least one type of nucleotide may be labeled with a redox label that may enhance electron transport through the nanogap via tunneling and / or diffusion-based redox cycles. Signals (e.g., voltage pulses) may be directed through each of the electrodes. Current values from each electrode may be measured to establish a baseline signal. Alterations in the baseline signal may indicate the presence of target polynucleotide strands. The time to detect an alteration in the baseline signal may facilitate quantification of target polynucleotide strands.

The invention discloses a clean combustion method of biomass fuel, which is characterized in that a Ni-Co-Ce-Zn-O / Al2O3 quaternary gradient structured catalyst is designed and prepared for the first time, and abundant oxygen vacancies and redox cycle networks are constructed through multi-metal component atomic-scale compounding; a'porous carrier-active layer-surface modification layer 'gradient configuration is adopted, and catalytic activity, adhesive strength and inactivation resistance are synergistically regulated and controlled on a nano-micron scale. A special sol-gel and segmented coating process is combined, the catalyst forms a uniform and firm active coating with a high specific surface area on the surface of the metal wire mesh cage, and excellent structural stability and catalytic durability are still kept under the conditions of high temperature, vibration and electric field-sound field coupling. According to the catalyst system, the soot ignition activity and the low-temperature conversion efficiency of CO and nitrogen oxide are remarkably improved, intrinsic synergy with an electric field and a sound field is achieved through the dielectric property and the surface dynamic response behavior of the catalyst system, and a catalysis-electricity-sound ternary coupling enhanced reaction microenvironment is formed.

The invention relates to the technical field of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in particular to a preparation method and application of a spinel CoFe2O4 oxygen carrier, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving cobalt salt and iron salt in water according to a specific molar ratio, adding ethylene glycol, methanol and a polymethyl methacrylate template agent, uniformly mixing, drying, carrying out programmed temperature rise calcination in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and calcining to obtain the spinel CoFe2O4 oxygen carrier. The CoFe2O4 oxygen carrier with a single spinel crystal structure is obtained. The oxygen carrier is used as a recyclable lattice oxygen source and can catalyze ethylbenzene oxidative dehydrogenation to generate styrene at the ultralow temperature of 200-400 DEG C, especially about 250 DEG C, both the ethylbenzene conversion rate and the styrene selectivity can reach 96% or above, and the performance degradation rate is smaller than 5% after at least 41 times of redox cycles. The process conditions are mild, the oxygen carrier structure is stable, the activity is high, and a new way is provided for energy-saving and low-carbon production of styrene.

The invention discloses a method for activating persulfate catalytic oxidation organic matters by using catechol / ethylenediamine modified non-woven fabric. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, dissolving catechol, ammonium persulfate and ethylenediamine in deionized water to prepare a deposition solution; placing the cleaned polypropylene non-woven fabric in the deposition liquid for constant-temperature magnetic stirring reaction, and drying to obtain the catechol / ethylenediamine modified non-woven fabric. The cross-linking polymerization reaction of catechol is accelerated by using ammonium persulfate, and the loading capacity and the stability of a polymerization layer are improved through ethidene diamine. According to the method, functional groups such as phenolic groups on the surface of the catechol / ethylenediamine modified non-woven fabric are used for complexing and reducing iron ions, and then persulfate is activated to degrade organic matters, so that the redox cycle of Fe < 3 + > / Fe < 2 + > in a system is promoted, the activation efficiency of the persulfate is enhanced, the free radical quenching phenomenon is avoided, and the service life of the non-woven fabric is prolonged. The removal effect of the organic pollutants is improved; meanwhile, the secondary pollution condition is reduced.

The invention discloses a precious metal continuous recovery method based on photochemical regenerated polyphenol interface composite aerogel, and belongs to the field of precious metal ion adsorption-reduction and recovery. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing aerogel with photoelectrochemical activity, depositing a metal polyphenol network coating on an aerogel skeleton by taking the aerogel as a substrate to obtain polyphenol interface composite aerogel, and introducing a phenol-quinone structure group capable of generating redox cycle conversion to obtain the polyphenol interface composite aerogel. And continuous adsorption-reduction of precious metal ions is realized through light-driven electron transfer and proton coupling oxidation-reduction cycle so as to recover precious metal. The prepared polyphenol interface composite aerogel material can realize multiple adsorption cycles of noble metal ions, shows ultrahigh adsorption capacity, and has wide applicability to various noble metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of propane catalytic oxidation, in particular to a silicon-based heterojunction material and a preparation method and application thereof based on mechanical force, the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing copper oxide, silicon powder, titanium dioxide and water, grinding, and freeze-drying to obtain ground powder; and calcining the ground powder in a protective atmosphere to obtain the silicon-based heterojunction material. According to the invention, the silicon-mediated CuO-TiO2 nano heterojunction is constructed through a mechanical force assembly strategy. And nanocrystallization, uniform mixing and interface engineering of CuO and TiO2 are synchronously realized under the action of liquid phase shearing. In the process, the silicon powder not only serves as a doping agent, but also serves as a solid reducing agent, and selectively reduces Cu < 2 + > on the surface into Cu < + > under the driving of shearing force, so that an active structure with a Cu < + > / Cu < 2 + > redox cycle is constructed in situ, lattice distortion is induced, a large number of oxygen vacancies are generated, and the migration and activation capacity of oxygen is improved.

This application relates to the field of wastewater treatment technology, and discloses a method for preparing porous ceramic-supported sulfur-based composite packing and its application in wastewater denitrification and phosphorus removal. Using porous ceramic as a carrier, a gradient filling process is employed to load active components in layers. The inner layer of siderite composite gel and calcite composite dynamically neutralizes the H+ generated by sulfur autotrophy. + pH buffering is achieved through reversible proton exchange of sulfonic acid groups; the middle-layer pyrite composite gel enhances compressive strength through C-O-Fe bonding, and the polypyrrole-coated hybrid gel constructs a π-π conjugated electron pathway, accelerating electron transfer and releasing Fe. 2+ Phosphate is precipitated; the outer layer of sulfur-biochar forms nano-sulfur crystals, rapidly initiating denitrification due to its high specific surface area. Sulfur consumption and sulfate accumulation are reduced through a sulfur-iron redox cycle. This packing material achieves highly efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater without the need for external carbon sources or pH adjusters.

The invention relates to the technical field of waste battery recovery, and discloses a waste lithium ion battery recovery method based on manganese redox cycle, which comprises the following steps: S1, placing a pole piece of a waste lithium battery in a system containing hydrogen peroxide and organic weak acid, uniformly mixing, adding a manganese-based catalyst, and dissolving to obtain a homogeneous solution; wherein the manganese-based catalyst is prepared from one or more of Mn2O3 (manganese oxide), MnO2 (manganese dioxide), Mn3O4 (manganese oxide), Mn2O5 (manganese oxide) and LiMn2O4 (lithium manganese oxide); s2, adding a precipitant to precipitate metal ions in the homogeneous solution to obtain a first precipitation product; by adding the high-valence manganese-based catalyst, generation of more strong oxidizing free radicals in the reaction is realized, and compared with the traditional manganese-based Fenton-like reaction, the reaction rate is accelerated, so that efficient and green recovery of active substances and current collectors in the positive and negative electrodes of the battery under low energy consumption is effectively realized.

This invention discloses a Fe2O3-MoO3-CaO oxygen carrier, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of oxygen carrier technology. The technical solution includes the following steps: 1) Preparation of Fe2O3: NaOH solution is slowly added to FeCl3 solution while stirring for 3-5 hours; then sodium dodecyl sulfate is added to the sol, and the above system is transferred to a high-pressure reactor for hydrothermal reaction and calcination to obtain Fe2O3 powder; 2) Preparation of Fe2O3-MoO3 composite material; 3) Preparation of Fe2O3-MoO3-CaO oxygen carrier. The oxygen carrier prepared by this invention has high hydrogen yield and high NH3 conversion rate, good cycle stability, stable crystal form, and maintains high activity after multiple redox cycles, meeting the requirements for industrial recycling.

The invention discloses a plant beverage containing birch juice and lime juice and a processing technology of the plant beverage. The plant beverage comprises the following raw materials in percentage: 10%-15% of apple juice, 5%-10% of lime juice, 0.5%-1% of white sugar, 1%-3% of xylitol, 5%-7% of green tea, 20%-25% of birch juice, 2%-5% of lucid ganoderma, 1%-3% of ginseng, 3%-7% of pericarpium citri reticulatae, 0.15%-0.25% of fructo-oligosaccharide, 0.1%-0.5% of an elderberry extract and 0.2%-0.6% of acerola cherry powder. And the balance of drinking water. The processing technology comprises the following steps: S1, raw material pretreatment: collecting birch juice, juicing lime, and extracting lucid ganoderma and ginseng to prepare a lucid ganoderma and ginseng mixed solution; the elderberry anthocyanin and the birch juice polysaccharide block virus adsorption, the ganoderan and the ginsenoside improve the activity of NK cells, the birch juice regulates synthesis of hepatic glycogen, the fructo-oligosaccharide promotes generation of short-chain fatty acid, the lime juice and the acerola cherry powder VC form a redox cycle, and the effect of improving the immunity is achieved.

This invention relates to a mud-based molecular sieve-supported α-MnO2 catalyst based on a dual regulation of acid treatment and metal impregnation. The method uses activated mud as raw material, synthesizing Na-type ZSM-5 molecular sieves via hydrothermal crystallization, followed by ion exchange to obtain H-type molecular sieves. Subsequently, α-MnO2 is loaded, and the acidity of the framework is adjusted through weak acid treatment to optimize the pore environment, improve the dispersibility and active site exposure of α-MnO2, and increase Mn content. 4+ The content of Cu promotes the generation of surface lattice oxygen and enhances the driving force of redox cycles. Further through Cu... 2+ Fe 3+ Ce 3+ Doping with metal ions enhances oxygen migration and catalytic oxidation capabilities. This catalyst exhibits excellent low-temperature activity, resistance to poisoning, and structural stability in the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of VOCs in oil fields. The process conditions are mild and environmentally friendly, and the raw materials are widely available, making it promising for industrial applications, particularly suitable for waste resource recovery and VOCs pollution control.

The invention relates to a manganese-based-hydrogen flow battery system, in particular to a manganese-based-hydrogen flow battery system based on a titanium halide salt composite additive. The core problems of MnO2 precipitation and accumulation, oxygen evolution side reaction and short cycle life in the manganese-based battery are solved through multi-mechanism collaborative innovation; according to the system, the manganese-based acidic electrolyte is adopted, and the electrochemical stability and the energy density are remarkably improved through the collaborative design of the titanium halide salt composite additive and the hydrogen electrode; titanium ions inhibit the disproportionation reaction of Mn < 3 + > by forming a physical barrier, complexing stability and an electronic regulation and control mechanism, meanwhile, a halogen redox mediator realizes Mn valence state dynamic balance through reversible redox circulation, chemical regeneration of MnO2 and efficient circulation of soluble Mn < 2 + > are promoted, and irreversible loss of active substances caused by irreversible precipitation of MnO2 is effectively inhibited; according to the invention, a technical path with economical efficiency, safety and sustainability is provided for large-scale energy storage, and the method is suitable for power grid level peak regulation and renewable energy consumption.

The invention discloses a manganese-cerium synergistically doped metal organic framework nano material which is formed by taking metal organic framework derived porous carbon nitride as a carrier and loading Mn and Ce monatomic active sites which are dispersed in an atomic scale and are spatially adjacent, the atomic-scale dispersed manganese and cerium are anchored in defect sites, pore channel inner walls or a nitrogen coordination environment of the carbon nitride carrier in a monatomic form, the nitrogen coordination environment comprises that manganese atoms and cerium atoms form coordination bonds with nitrogen atoms or oxygen atoms on the carrier to form a coordination structure, and the manganese atoms and the cerium atoms are independently dispersed on the carrier; part of Mn monatomic atoms and Ce monatomic atoms are close to each other on the nanoscale; mn < 2 + > and Mn < 3 + > exist at a Mn site in a valence of + 2 and + 3, Ce < 3 + > and Ce < 4 + > uniquely coexist at a Ce site, Mn and Ce single atoms realize synergistic interaction through electron transfer and active oxygen species transfer, and the electron transfer is used for promoting redox cycle. The invention further discloses a corresponding preparation method and application in preparation of an adriamycin myocardial injury diagnosis and treatment preparation.

The invention belongs to the technical field of metallurgical flue gas recycling, and particularly discloses a metallurgical flue gas recycling process method based on a chemical looping technology, which adopts a carbon capture device, a steam supplementing device, a purification device, a hydrogen production device, a heat device, an oxidation reactor, a reduction reactor and an oxygen carrier. According to the method, hydrogen and water vapor generated by a reduction reactor enter an oxidation reactor together, under the catalytic reaction of an oxygen carrier, chemical raw material products such as methane, methanol or ethanol are efficiently produced, meanwhile, the reacted oxygen carrier enters the reduction reactor to react with H2, lattice oxygen is released and recycled, and heat released by the reaction is recycled through a heat device. Through oxidation-reduction circulation of the chemical chain oxygen carrier, flue gas purification, carbon capture and hydrogen production processes are coupled, the bottleneck of high energy consumption of a traditional chemical process is broken through, and the method has the advantages of being simple in process, high in product yield, low in energy consumption, high in carbon resource utilization rate and the like.

This disclosure provides redox cyclable molecules for energy storage. These molecules belong to either the 4H-pyran-4-ylidene family or include a six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen atom at position 1 (pyridinium family) or two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4 (pyrazinium family) or at positions 1 and 3 (pyrimidinium family). Molecules in these families are used as analytes in redox flow batteries.

The application discloses a copper-based nano-enzyme, a product containing the same, a preparation method and application, and belongs to the technical field of pesticide detection, and a high-activity and high-stability peroxidase-like material is obtained by self-assembly of a copper source, H3BTC and PVP at room temperature. 2+ / Cu + Redox cycle, significantly improving the catalytic activity of TMB-H2O2 system. The method is simple to operate, does not require complex instruments, can realize high sensitivity, high selectivity and rapid detection of nicosulfuron, and is suitable for on-site screening of pesticide residues in water and agricultural products, overcoming the defects of the prior art, such as strong dependence on equipment, high cost and poor portability.

The invention discloses a system and a method for regenerating a catalyst and co-producing CO / CO2 hydrogenation preparation chemicals. A process system containing water vapor and hydrogen material flow in a circulating fluidized bed system is improved, the problem of inactivation and regeneration of metal-carrier series catalysts caused by sintering or carbon deposition is solved by introducing an oxidation-reduction cycle process into an original chemical process, the process system is simple and easy to refit, external extra energy consumption is not needed, and the method is suitable for industrial production. And intelligent cyclic regeneration and supplement of the catalyst can be realized.

The application discloses a binuclear manganese complex and a preparation method and application thereof. The binuclear manganese complex comprises a binuclear manganese center and an organic ligand connecting the binuclear manganese center, and the organic ligand connects the binuclear manganese center through a bridging group to form a binuclear structure. The organic ligand further comprises a substituent group connected to a ring structure or a side chain of the organic ligand and arranged adjacent to the binuclear manganese center. The binuclear manganese core in the structural formula of the application can efficiently and reversibly perform redox cycling between different valence states of manganese ions, and the substituent group on the ring structure or the side chain of the organic ligand is used, so that the binuclear manganese complex can exert high efficient antioxidant activity, and at the same time, secondary oxidative damage caused by a Fenton reaction is fundamentally eliminated, so that the binuclear manganese complex can be used to prepare safe and effective drugs for treating oxidative stress related diseases in biology.

Embodiments relate to a biosensor. The biosensor includes an electrochemical system having a generator electrode, a collector electrode, and electrolyte. The generator electrode includes a particle capture region having an aspect ratio that is greater than 1. The particle capture region is a portion of the generator electrode configured to attract a particle supported within the electrolyte. The electrochemical system is operated so as to bias one of the generator electrode or the collector electrode below its formal potential while biasing the other electrode above its formal potential. The biosensor includes a processing module configured to measure electric current generated by the electrochemical system.

This invention discloses a method for synergistically enhancing the anaerobic digestion of silage waste using biochar and nano-magnetite driven by a weak magnetic field. This method, through the combined application of a weak magnetic field, nano-ferric oxide, and biochar, increases methane production by 67.7% during the anaerobic digestion of silage waste, enhances acetic acid production, and accelerates the conversion of acetic acid to methane. Under the drive of the weak magnetic field, the conductive network formed by biochar and nano-ferric oxide synergistically reduces the charge transfer impedance of the system, enhances the Fe(III) / Fe(II) redox cycle and interspecies direct electron transfer, and simultaneously increases the activity of key enzymes such as acetate kinase. This promotes the formation of a tighter metabolic interaction network between bacteria and archaea, ultimately achieving efficient coupling of carbon, electron, and energy flows within the anaerobic digestion system. This provides a promising technical strategy for improving the resource utilization efficiency of organic waste.

The invention discloses a difunctional thiourea-based electrolyte for a zinc-air battery, which takes an alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution as a substrate and is added with thiourea as a difunctional additive. The cathode reaction path and the anode interface stability of the zinc-air battery are synergistically regulated and controlled through a hydrolysis product of thiourea in an alkaline environment. Wherein the sulfide generated by hydrolysis forms a reversible oxidation-reduction cycle to replace a dynamic slow oxygen evolution reaction, so that the charging overpotential is reduced; and carbonyl-containing molecules generated by hydrolysis and Zn < 2 + > form a coordination compound, so that generation and accumulation of insulating by-products such as ZnO and ZnS are inhibited, and the deposition / stripping process of the zinc anode is stabilized. The zinc air battery based on the electrolyte is obviously superior to a traditional potassium hydroxide electrolyte system. According to the invention, synchronous optimization of the cathode and anode performance is realized, the process is simple, the cost is controllable, and key technical support is provided for large-scale application of the high-performance zinc air battery.

Exemplary systems and methods involve reacting a feedstock, oxygen-source material and oxidized oxygen carriers, as well as reacting reduced oxygen carriers with oxygen-source material. Exemplary systems and methods may generate carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen gas (H2).

The invention relates to the technical field of gas purification, and discloses a civil indoor air purification device based on rare earth normal temperature catalysis and a gaseous pollutant removal method thereof. According to the device, the upper tank body and the lower tank body are sleeved to form an axial circulating air duct structure, and airflow forms a multi-stage circulating path inside to prolong the contact time with filler; the filler adopts a core-shell structure composed of a porous adsorption inner core and a rare earth composite oxidation outer layer, the surface of the spherical filler is cut through a sawtooth structure in the assembly process, fine active powder is formed and retained in a circulation area, and therefore the specific surface area and the active site density are improved under the condition that the total amount of the filler is not increased. After pollutants are adsorbed and enriched in the porous core, active oxygen is generated under the reversible redox cycle effect of the rare earth composite oxidation system, and normal-temperature catalytic decomposition of formaldehyde, benzene series, ammonia and TVOC is achieved. Through collaborative design of the structure and materials, the purification efficiency of unit volume is improved, and the service life is prolonged.

A chemical reduction detoxification method for 6PPD-quinone, an aminoquinone compound derived from tire rubber antioxidants, is disclosed. The method involves mixing wastewater containing 6PPD-Q with a sodium sulfite solution and incubating at room temperature for 30 minutes. This reduction treatment converts the quinone group to hydroquinone, thereby eliminating its ability to participate in redox cycles and generate reactive oxygen species. The detoxification rate was as high as 92.4% in zebrafish embryo mortality tests and as high as 97.3% in bacterial luminescence inhibition tests. This invention provides an efficient and economical method for mitigating the ecological risks posed by tire-derived aminoquinone pollutants in water systems.

The application discloses a method for remediating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil by biomass carbon combined with plant synergy, comprising the following steps: S1, modified biomass carbon preparation: S1-1, cultivating modified biomass carbon preparation; S1-2, putting modified biomass carbon preparation; S2, cultivating soil preparation; S3, cultivating remediation plants; S4, soil combined remediation. The application prepares two different modified biomass carbons and uses them in different situations, so that the two modified biomass carbons are more suitable for each other and can maximize the adsorption effect, the two modified biomass carbons are respectively used in different situations to maximize their respective functions, and the two modified biomass carbons are respectively loaded with Fe and Cu, so that the two modified biomass carbons can produce a synergistic effect, a redox cycle is generated in the soil, and the modified biomass carbon has better activation capacity for PMS compared with single modified biomass carbon.

This invention discloses a Ni-based sulfur-resistant catalyst for high-value biogas conversion, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of energy catalysis technology. The preparation method includes the following steps: S1. Mixing boron nitride and a nickel source, performing a first oxidation calcination, then mixing with a molybdenum source, performing a second oxidation calcination, and finally performing a reduction treatment to obtain the Ni-based sulfur-resistant catalyst. This invention, by controlling the molar ratio of nickel to molybdenum, uses boron nitride, a nickel source, and a molybdenum source as raw materials, and synthesizes MoO with a "sandwich" structure through oxidation calcination and reduction treatment. x / Ni / BN sulfur-resistant catalyst. MoO x The redox cycle can activate CO2 and produce reactive oxygen species, MoO. x Electron transfer effects modify the surface electronic structure of Ni, reducing the binding energy between active sites and sulfur species, thus alleviating sulfur poisoning; MoO x Interfacial synergy with Ni can improve the catalyst's sulfur resistance and anti-sintering properties, enabling the catalyst to have high catalytic stability and high CH4 and CO2 conversion rates under sulfur-containing conditions.

Various aspects of this disclosure relate to a method of using an active material, made of earth-abundant materials, for energy storage & release. In some embodiments, as the material is heated, it undergoes a phase change at high temperatures that releases oxygen and stores energy in the form of chemical bonds. This material can store and release energy quickly and on-demand through a reduction / oxidation cycle.