67results about How to "Adequate bond strength" patented technology

The invention relates to a high abrasion-proof laser cladding nickel-base alloy powder and a preparation method of the alloy powder. The high abrasion-proof laser cladding nickel-base alloy powder is characterized by comprising matrix alloy powder, hard carbide particles and a bonding agent; and the combined powder comprises 50-98% of matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of WC or TiC or mixed powder of WC and TiC, and 1-5% of bonding agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: preparing the matrix alloy powder, adding the carbide particles into the prepared matrix alloy powder, adding the bonding agent into the mixture, stirring, ball milling, combining the powder, drying, crushing and screening. The high abrasion-proof laser cladding nickel-base alloy powder not only is high in hardness, but also has excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, thus being especially suitable for laser cladding of alloy workpieces with high surface hardness and high wear resistance. Furthermore, the phenomenon of segregation caused by great differences among the specific gravities of all components in the processes of storage, transportation and using can be effectively prevented.

The invention provides oxide particle reinforced laser cladding high-wear resistance nickel-base alloy powder and a preparation method thereof. The powder is characterized by comprising basal body alloy powder, oxide hard particles and binding agent, and is proportioned as follows: 50-98 percent of basal body alloy powder, 1-45 percent of one of Al2O3, Cr3C2 and ZrO2 or combined mixture powder of more than two thereof, and 1-5 percent of binding agent are prepared to combined powder. The preparation method comprises the technique steps of preparation of basal body alloy powder, addition of oxide particles, addition of binding agent, stirring and ball milling, powder combination, drying, crushing and screening. The oxide particle reinforced laser cladding alloy powder has higher hardness and toughness, has excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and is particularly suitable for laser cladding of alloy workpieces with higher surface hardness and high wear resistance; and the powder can effectively prevent segregation caused by great difference among specific gravities of all components in the process of storage, transportation and use.

The invention relates to a high abrasion-proof laser cladding cobalt-base alloy powder and a preparation method of the alloy powder. The high abrasion-proof laser cladding cobalt-base alloy powder is characterized by comprising matrix alloy powder, hard carbide particles and a bonding agent; and the combined powder comprises 50-98% of matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of WC or TiC or mixed powder of WC and TiC, and 1-5% of bonding agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: preparing the matrix alloy powder, adding the carbide particles into the prepared matrix alloy powder, adding bonding agent into the mixture, stirring, ball milling, combining the powder, drying, crushing and screening. The high abrasion-proof laser cladding cobalt-base alloy powder not only is high in hardness and toughness, but also has excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, thus being especially suitable for laser cladding of parts with high impact resistance and high abrasion-proof property. Furthermore, the phenomenon of segregation caused by great differences among the specific gravities of all components in the processes of storage, transportation and using can be effectively prevented.

The invention relates to a welding fixture which comprises an upper pressure plate and a lower pressure plate, wherein the upper pressure plate and the lower pressure plate comprise central positioning holes which are arranged coaxially, the lower pressure plate is provided with a tooth block positioning hole, a tooth block mounting groove is arranged on the lower surface of the lower pressure plate and the welding fixture is characterized in that a tooth block positioning screw rod and a tooth block pressure spring are mounted between the upper pressure plate and the lower pressure plate. The welding fixture is simple in structure and can always keep the fastening connection between a tooth block and the welding surface of a basal body by high-temperature welding and avoid the phenomena of looseness and poor welding.

The invention provides laser cladding alloy powder enhanced with oxide particles and a preparation method thereof. The laser cladding alloy powder enhanced with the oxide particles is characterized in that the laser cladding alloy powder enhanced with the oxide particles consists of a matrix alloy powder, the oxide particles and a binder, wherein the proportion is 50-98% of the matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of WC or TiC or a mixture powder of WC and TiC and 1-45% of a combined mixture powder of more than two or one of Al2O3, Cr3C2 and ZrO2. The preparation technological steps of the laser cladding alloy powder enhanced with the oxide particles are preparing the matrix alloy powder, adding the oxide particles, adding the binder, stirring and ball-milling, combining the powder, drying, crushing and sieving. The laser cladding alloy powder enhanced with the oxide particles provided by the invention not only has higher hardness and flexibility, but also has excellent abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance, thereby being quite applicable for the laser cladding of parts under the working conditions of high impact and high abrasion resistance; and moreover, the segregation generated due to great disparity between the proportions of all components can be effectively prevented during the storage, transportation and use processes.

The invention relates to micro-nano oxide particle reinforced high abrasion resistance cobalt-based alloy powder and a preparation method thereof. The micro-nano oxide particle reinforced high abrasion resistance cobalt-based alloy powder is combined powder and is characterized by comprising 50%-98% of matrix alloy powder, 1%-45% of micro-nano oxide particles and 1%-5% of a binding agent, wherein the micro-nano oxide particles are micro-nano Al2O3 or micro-nano mixed powder of one or more of micro-nano Cr3C2 and micro-nano ZrO2. The preparation method comprises the following processing steps: preparing the matrix alloy powder, adding the micro-nano oxide particles, adding the binding agent, stirring, ball-milling, combining the powder, drying, smashing and screening. The micro-nano oxide particle reinforced high abrasion resistance cobalt-based alloy powder has the advantages of high hardness and toughness, excellent abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance and capability of effectively preventing segregation due to wide proportion difference of the components in the storing, transporting and using processes and is particularly suitable for laser-clad high impact resistance and high abrasion resistance parts.

The invention relates to silicide particle enhanced laser cladding nickel base alloy powder and a preparation method thereof. The silicide particle enhanced laser cladding nickel base alloy powder is characterized by comprising matrix alloy powder, silicide hard particles and a binder, wherein 50-98% of the matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of SiC or combination mixture powder comprising one or more than two materials selected from Si3N4, MoSi2 and CoSi2, and 1-5% of the binder are prepared into the combination powder. The preparation process steps comprise: preparing matrix alloy powder, adding silicide particles, adding a binder, carrying out stirring-ball milling, combining the powder, drying, crushing and screening. The silicide particle enhanced laser cladding nickel base alloy powder has characteristics of high hardness, high toughness, excellent wear resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance, and is particularly suitable for laser cladding of operation condition parts with characteristics of high impact and high wear resistance, wherein segregation generated due to high difference among specific gravities of various components during processes of storage, transportation and use can be effectively prevented.

The invention provides micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced high-abrasion-resistance nickel base alloy powder and a preparation method of the micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced high-abrasion-resistance nickel base alloy powder. The micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced high-abrasion-resistance nickel base alloy powder is characterized in that the nickel base alloy powder is composed of matrix alloy powder, micro-nanometer oxide hard particles and a binding agent and comprises 50%-98% of nickel base alloy powder, 1%-45% of micro-nanometer Al2O3 or one of micro-nanometer Cr3C2 and micro-nanometer ZrO2 or combined micro-nanometer mixture powder composed of the micro-nanometer Cr3C2 and the micro-nanometer ZrO2 and 1%-5% of binding agent, and the nickel base alloy powder is combined powder. The preparation technology of the micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced high-abrasion-resistance nickel base alloy powder comprises the steps of preparation of the matrix alloy powder, addition of the micro-nanometer oxide particles, addition of the binding agent, mixing and ball milling, powder combination, drying, breaking and screening. The micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced nickel base alloy is high in rigidity, good in abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance, particularly suitable for laser cladding of an alloy workpiece with high surface rigidity and high abrasion-resistance, and capable of effectively avoiding segregation caused by a large component ratio difference in the process of storage, transportation and use.

The invention provides improvement of ceramic filter tubes for high-temperature gas purification, and is characterized in that a high-temperature binder for sintering comprises two or more than two of magnesium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, potassium oxide-containing minerals, kaolin or clay, and trace rare earth, and mainly forms a liquid-phase silicate high-temperature binder above 1200 DEG C. The contradiction between binding strength of a filter tube support body and filtration flux and resistance drop is well coordinated and solved; the obtained filter tube support body not only meets the requirements for transport, installation, and using strength, but also has a high filtration flux and low filtration resistance. When the filter tube has rupture strength of not less than 26 MPa, and a filtration flux of 55 m3 / hm2, the resistance drop is 850-950 Pa or lower; the consistency for finished product batch production is good; and the performance difference is less than 10%.

The invention relates to a railway steel bridge surface protective system, which comprises an epoxy zinc-enriched erosion resistant coating, a polyurea elastomer waterproof layer, a connecting layer and a concrete protective layer, wherein, epoxy zinc-enriched materials comprise a composition A and a composition B; the composition A comprises epoxy resin, organic bentonite, zinc powder, additives, inhibitive pigment A, inhibitive pigment B and solvent; the composition B is 115 curing agent, 650 curing agent and solvent; a polyurea elastomer comprises a material A and a material B, wherein, the material A is semi-prepolymer and thinner, and the material B is amine-terminated polyether, amine chain extender, color paste and thinner. The invention also relates to a construction technique for the railway steel bridge surface protective system. By adoption of the construction technique, the antirust property is superior; waterproof coating has superior physicochemical mechanical property; the waterproof layer has no seam; no dead angle exists during the construction process; the construction technique is simple and convenient, and the construction efficiency is high; the anticorrosive and waterproof problems of a steel bridge surface are solved; the durability of a bridge is improved; and the maintenance period and the service life of the steel bridge surface are prolonged.

The invention discloses anti-cracking plastering gypsum mortar. The anti-cracking plastering gypsum mortar is prepared from the following raw materials: high-temperature calcined gypsum, ash calcium powder, composite portland cement, expanded perlite, fly ash, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether, a retarder, a water reducing agent, starch ether, redispersible latex powder, polypropylene fibers and a waterproof agent. The invention provides the environment-friendly type lightweight bottom-layer plastering gypsum mortar which has good anti-cracking performance, has good heat insulation performance and can automatically adjusting temperature and humidity. By adopting the anti-cracking plastering gypsum mortar, the density of the mortar and the self weight of buildings can be effectively reduced; the anti-cracking plastering gypsum mortar has good sound insulation and noise reduction effects and has the advantages of uniformity in material preparation, convenience for construction, capability of being firmly stuck with a base layer, no hollowing, no falling, no cracks, fireproof and heat-resisting performance, heat insulation and sound insulation, greenness and environment protection,low cost and the like.

The invention discloses a single-component silane modified polyether sealant used in automobile glass rapid assembling. The single-component silane modified polyether sealant used in automobile glassrapid assembling comprises, by weight, silane modified polyether resin of 30 to 60 parts; an environmentally friendly plasticizer of 8 to 30 parts; a filler of 10 to 15 parts; a reinforcing material of 10 to 30 parts; a thixotropic agent of 0.1 to 1; a UV absorber of 0.1 to 1 part; a light stabilizer of 0.1 to 1 part; an antioxidant of 0.2 to 2 parts; a water removal agent of 0.2 to 2 parts; a crosslinking agent of 1 to 10 parts; a coupling agent of 0.1 to 5 parts; and a catalyst of 0.1 to 2 parts. The invention also discloses a preparation method thereof. The sufficient bonding strength of the single-component silane modified polyether sealant is ensured, at the same time, the initial bonding strength of the single-component silane modified polyether sealant is ensured, high bonding speedis achieved, the single-component silane modified polyether sealant is safe, and is friendly to the environment, the bonding effect is excellent, and the single-component silane modified polyether sealant is suitable to be used for rapid assembling of windshield, skylight, and side window glass of vehicles such as passenger cars, delivery vehicles, fire fighting trucks.

The invention provides silicide particle reinforced laser-clad high abrasion resistance cobalt-base alloy powder and a preparation method thereof. The powder is characterized by comprising matrix alloy powder, silicide particles and binders; and combined powder is prepared from 50-98% of matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of one of or combined mixture powder of more than two of SiC or Si3N4, MoSi2 and CoSi2 and 1-5% of binders. The preparation method comprises the steps of matrix alloy powder preparation, silicide particle addition, binder addition, stirring and ball milling, combined powder preparation, drying, grinding and screening. The powder has higher hardness and toughness and excellent abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance, is especially suitable for laser cladding of high impact and high abrasion resistance parts, and can effectively prevent segregation caused by great difference of specific weights of the components in the storage, transport and use processes.

A method of producing an optical module in which with respect to a housing having an optical part received therein, an optical semiconductor device of a package structure is center-aligned to be positioned on an optical axis of the optical part and is attached to the housing. The method comprises the steps of: applying an ultraviolet-or-heat-curable resin onto a joint surface between the housing and the optical semiconductor device and curing the ultraviolet-or-heat-curable resin by external irradiation with ultraviolet rays in the condition that the optical axes of the lens and the laser diode are center-aligned and joined with each other to thereby temporarily fix the optical semiconductor device to the housing; and complementarily curing non-irradiated portions of the ultraviolet-or-heat-curable resin by heating. Preferably, a heat-curable resin is applied onto the outer side of the ultraviolet-or-heat-curable resin to reinforce adhesion between the optical semiconductor device and the housing.

The invention discloses a composite paperboard and a making method of the composite paperboard. The composite paperboard comprises a paperboard layer, a pearl wool layer and an aluminum foil layer, the aluminum foil layer is bonded and fixed on the front side of the pearl wool layer, the paperboard layer is bonded and fixed on the back side of the pearl wool layer, the making method comprises thefollowing steps: (a) placing the paperboard in position; (b) cutting; (c) blocking pearl wool; (d) applying a glue; (e) thermally pressing in vacuum; and (f) drying. The composite paperboard has the advantages of oxidation resistance, antibacterial action, moisture resistance and strong impact resistance, the storage times of melons and fruits are prolonged when the composite paperboard is used tomake a packaging box for the melons and fruits, the fresh preservation property is strong, the melons and fruits are prevented from being deformed by the external extrusion, the transportation safetyof the melons and fruits is guaranteed, the making method is easy to control, less waste is produced, the time is short, the cost is low, the labor intensity of a worker is low, and the product quality is high.

The invention discloses micro-nano silicide particulate reinforced laser cladding alloy powder and a preparing method thereof. The micro-nano silicide particulate reinforced laser cladding alloy powder and the preparing method thereof are characterized in that the micro-nano silicide particulate reinforced laser cladding alloy powder is composed of matrix alloy powder, micro-nano silicide particles and binders. The alloy powder is prepared, by ratio, by 50-98% of matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of micro-nano SiC or micro-nano combined mixture powder of one or more of micro-nano Si3N4, micro-nano MoSi2 and micro-nano CoSi2. The preparing technological steps of the alloy powder include preparing the matrix alloy powder, adding the micro-nano silicide particles, adding the binders, stirring and ball grinding, combining the powder, drying, crushing and screening. The alloy powder for laser cladding is high in hardness and toughness, good in wear resistance and corrosion resistance, particularly suitable for laser cladding of working condition parts with high impact and high wear resistance and capable of effectively avoiding segregation caused by large specific gravity differences among all components in the storing, transporting and using process.

The present invention discloses an efficient and energy-saving type high temperature mortar for cement rotary kilns, wherein the components in the formula comprise, by weight, 40-55 parts of fused mullite, 6-15 parts of corundum fine powder, 2-10 parts of active alumina micro-powder, 2-10 parts of andalusite fine powder, 3-6 parts of kyanite fine powder, 0.5-3 parts of Y2O3, 0.5-2 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.1-1 part of sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.1-1 part of sodium hexametaphosphate, and 20-35 parts of a silicon-aluminum sol. The present invention further relates to a preparation method of the high temperature mortar. According to the present invention, the efficient compounding of the silicon-aluminum sol is used, and the mullite is easily generated during the high temperature sintering process, such that the structure is compact, the performance is stable, the adhesion strength is continuously improved along with the temperature increase, and the high temperature resistance and the thermal shock resistance are good; and the high adhesion strength is provided at the low temperature, and the adhesion strength is greater than the brick strength, such that the sufficient adhesion strength is provide so as to ensure no generation of bricking lining distortion, brick falling and other phenomena during the drying on the cement rotary kiln.

The invention relates to micro-nano oxide particle enhanced nickel base alloy powder as well as a preparation method thereof. The micro-nano oxide particle enhanced nickel base alloy powder is characterized in that the micro-nano oxide particle enhanced nickel base alloy powder contains matrix alloy powder and micro-nano oxide hard particles as well as a binder. The micro-nano oxide particle enhanced nickel base alloy powder is prepared from the following components in percent by weight: 50-98% of the matrix alloy powder, 1-45% of combined mixture powder of one or more than two out of micro-nano Al2O3 or micro-nano Cr3C2 and micro-nano ZrO2, and 1-5% of the binder which are prepared as combined powder. The preparation process comprises the following steps: preparation of the matrix alloy powder; addition of the micro-nano particle particles; addition of the binder; stirring and ball-milling; combination of powder; drying; crushing; sieving. The micro-nano oxide particle enhanced alloy powder provided by the invention not only has higher hardness and tenacity, but also has excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, so that the powder is particularly applicable to laser-cladding parts in high impact and high-wear-resisting working conditions. The powder can effectively prevent segregation in the storage, transportation and using processes due to wide difference of the components in proportion.

Disclosed are a band-aid cold-seal package free of natural latex and a manufacturing method of the band-aid cold-seal package. The band-aid cold-seal package free of natural latex comprises a first package sheet and a second package sheet which are opposite to each other and wrap a band-aid. The first package sheet is composed of a first base material and a first base material coating layer, and the second package sheet is composed of a second base material and a second base material coating layer. The band-aid cold-seal package is characterized in that the first base material coating layer is used as a first contact adhesive layer and adhered on the inner side of the first base material; the second base material coating layer consists of a release coating layer and a second contact adhesive layer, wherein the release coating layer is coated at the peripheral edges of the inner side of the second base material, one side of the release coating layer adhered with the second base material is used as an anti-adhesive side, and the second contact adhesive layer is adhered on the other side of the release coating layer opposite to the anti-adhesive side. The band-aid cold-seal package has enough adhering strength and is easy to open, a seal opening of the package has the anti-theft unsealing function, and sterility and using safety of the band-aid in the package are guaranteed.

The invention provides micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder and a preparation method of the micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder. The micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder is characterized by being composed of matrix alloy powder, micro-nanometer oxide particles and a binding agent, wherein the micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder comprises 50%-98% of matrix alloy powder and 1-45% of micro-nanometer Al2O3 or one of micro-nanometer Cr3C2 and micro-nanometer ZrO2 or combined micro-nanometer mixture powder composed of the micro-nanometer Cr3C2 and the micro-nanometer ZrO2. The preparation technology of the micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder comprises the steps of preparation of the matrix alloy powder, addition of the micro-nanometer oxide particles, addition of the binding agent, mixing and ball milling, powder combination, drying, breaking and screening. The micro-nanometer oxide particle reinforced alloy powder is high in rigidity and toughness, good in abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance, particularly suitable for laser cladding of a part with the working conditions of high impact and high abrasion-resistance, and capable of effectively avoiding segregation caused by a large component ratio difference in the process of storage, transportation and use.

The invention discloses a modified polypropylene hot melt adhesive. The adhesive is prepared from, by weight, 5-30 parts of functionalized modified polypropylene, 50-90 parts of first random copolymerpolypropylene, 5-20 parts of ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer and 0.05-0.5 part of an antioxidant. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the above modified polypropylene hot melt adhesive. The modified polypropylene hot melt adhesive has high adhesive strength, can quickly conduct bonding and has strong adhesive force especially under low temperature conditions, and can also help toreduce the production cost and improve the production efficiency.

The invention aims at the limitation that a thermal transfer ribbon is difficult to apply to the surfaces of substrates such as metal in the prior art, and provides a marking film for the surface of ahard smooth substrate. A method for preparing the marking film comprises the following steps: printing marking information on the surface of a TPU thin film through heat transfer printing via a thermal transfer ribbon, then carrying out heating and pressurizing to enable the TPU thin film to be melted and to be bonded with the surface of metal, and carrying out cooling to obtain the marking film.The thermal transfer ribbon comprises a ribbon base, wherein the two sides of the ribbon base are coated with a back coating and a thermal transfer layer respectively, and the thermal transfer layeris sequentially composed of a protective layer and a bonding layer from inside to outside from the surface of one side of the ribbon base. The marking film can reach the bonding strength required in application, is good in corrosion resistance, and avoids damage caused by chemical etching.

Provided are an adhesive that makes it possible to bond thermoplastic resins to each other in a short time and to obtain excellent adhesive strength, a structure bonded by this adhesive, and a bonding method using this adhesive. The adhesive bonds a first member (11) containing a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic resin reinforced by carbon fibers and a second member (12) containing this thermoplastic resin or this thermoplastic resin reinforced by carbon fibers. The adhesive has a thermoplastic resin as the base material and contains a metallic nano material that generates heat by absorbing electromagnetic waves, in this base material.

The invention relates to a high-resistance high-speed auto-inflation food packaging film and a production process thereof. The packaging film is formed by compounding an aluminum-plated PE film and aPET printing film in a dry mode. The aluminum-plated PE film comprises a corona layer, a middle layer and a heat seal layer. The corona layer comprises linear low density polyethylene and polycycloolefin according to the mass ratio of (83-87):(13-17). The middle layer comprises linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene according to the mass ratio of (48-52):(23-27):(23-27). The heat seal layer comprises low density polyethylene, an olefin plastic body, linear low density polyethylene, silicone and a processing agent according to the mass ratio of (48-52):(23-27):(23-27):(1.3-1.7):(0.1-0.3). The packaging film is suitable for meeting the requirements of a high-speed packaging device and has high resistance, low heat seal temperature, high heat seal strength, high in pressure resistance and low in broken package air leakage rate.

Disclosed is an LED chip bonding adhesive, containing transparent optical silica gel at hardness higher or equal to 35Shore D and viscosity coefficient higher or equal to 1.5, AL2O3 which is 10-20% of the weight of the silica gel, and powder and sedimentation retardant which are 2-10%of the weight of the silica gel. By adding nano inorganic particle powder into SILICONE, thermal conductivity and bonding strength of the silicone resin are increased, making the silicone resin have enough bonding strength and thermal conductivity after being solidified; meanwhile, the optical transmission of the LED chip is greatly improved; the LED chip bonding adhesive can make the LED higher in brightness and lower in cost; therefore, the LED chip bonding adhesive is the best substitute material for bonding the chip of a double-electrode LED.

The invention provides an adhesive composition, which contains a radically polymerizable compound, a radical polymerization initiator and a compound having a nitrogen-silicon bond.

The invention relates to a support for a blade of a wind driven generator. The support comprises a baffle bonding flange, a flexible connecting unit and a shell bonding flange, the baffle bonding flange can be connected with a baffle of the wind driven generator through a binding agent, the flexible connecting unit is provided with a first connecting unit and a second connecting unit, one end of the first connecting unit is connected with the baffle bonding flange, the other end of the first connecting unit is connected with the second connecting unit, an included angle between the first connecting unit and the baffle bonding flange is 90 degrees or above, one end of the second connecting unit is connected with the first connecting unit, the other end of the second connecting unit is connected with the shell bonding flange, the included angle between the first connecting unit and the second connecting unit is larger than 0 degree, the shell bonding flange can be connected with the rootof the blade of the wind driven generator through a binding agent, and the included angle between the shell bonding flange and the second connecting unit is 90 degrees or above. According to the support for the blade of the wind driven generator, enough supporting force can be provided for the blade in the length direction of the blade, and meanwhile, flexible connection between the blade and thebaffle is provided so that the deformation of the root of the blade can be well absorbed.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an electrode plate for an alkaline storage battery, which has the following steps: preparing an electrode original plate including a first region where an active material layer is formed on a porous metal substrate and a second region where the metal substrate is exposed. Step: Use a shearing tool for the first area and a punching tool for the second area to cut the original plate of the electrode plate to obtain an electrode plate of a prescribed shape.