The present invention discloses an efficient and energy-saving type high temperature mortar for cement rotary kilns, wherein the components in the formula comprise, by weight, 40-55 parts of fused mullite, 6-15 parts of corundum fine powder, 2-10 parts of active alumina micro-powder, 2-10 parts of andalusite fine powder, 3-6 parts of kyanite fine powder, 0.5-3 parts of Y2O3, 0.5-2 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.1-1 part of sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.1-1 part of sodium hexametaphosphate, and 20-35 parts of a silicon-aluminum sol. The present invention further relates to a preparation method of the high temperature mortar. According to the present invention, the efficient compounding of the silicon-aluminum sol is used, and the mullite is easily generated during the high temperature sintering process, such that the structure is compact, the performance is stable, the adhesion strength is continuously improved along with the temperature increase, and the high temperature resistance and the thermal shock resistance are good; and the high adhesion strength is provided at the low temperature, and the adhesion strength is greater than the brick strength, such that the sufficient adhesion strength is provide so as to ensure no generation of bricking lining distortion, brick falling and other phenomena during the drying on the cement rotary kiln.