An apparatus for bonding a
particle material to near theoretical density, includes a chamber, a punch and die
assembly for supporting a
particle material, plungers for applying shear and / or axial pressures, and a power supply for applying a current. In the first stage, a pulsed current of about 1 to 20,000 amps., is applied to the
particle material for a predetermined time period, and substantially simultaneously therewith, a
shear force of about 5-50 MPa is applied. In the second stage, an
axial pressure of about less than 1 to 2,000 MPa is applied to the particle material for a predetermined time period, and substantially simultaneously therewith, a steady current of about 1 to 20,000 amps. is applied. The apparatus may be used to bond metallic,
ceramic,
intermetallic and composite materials to near-
net shape, directly from precursors or elemental particle material without the need for synthesizing the material. The method may also be applied to perform
combustion synthesis of a
reactive material, followed by consolidation or joining to near-net shaped articles or parts. The apparatus may further be used to repair a damaged or worn substrate or part, coat a particle onto a substrate, and grow single crystals of a particle material.