The invention provides an oxygen production device of a medical-grade high-temperature molecular sieve membrane adsorption tower and a use method of the oxygen production device. The oxygen production device comprises a gas source access port, an air compressor, a C-grade filter, an air storage tank, a T-grade filter, an A-grade filter, an H-grade filter, 2-4 high-temperature carbonized ceramic-based molecular sieve adsorption units, a vacuum pump, an oxygen storage tank and a nitrogen storage tank which are communicated in sequence, the vacuum pump is arranged in the high-temperature carbonized ceramic-based molecular sieve adsorption unit, the high-temperature carbonized ceramic-based molecular sieve adsorption unit is communicated with the oxygen storage tank through an oxygen diversion pipeline, and the high-temperature carbonized ceramic-based molecular sieve adsorption unit is communicated with the nitrogen storage tank through a nitrogen diversion pipeline. The oxygen production device provided by the invention is provided with the molecular sieve of the adsorption tower of the oxygen ion conductive carbonized ceramic-based molecular sieve membrane with good cyclic utilization rate, and oxygen ions are adsorbed and desorbed under high-temperature vacuum, so that oxygen and nitrogen are efficiently separated, and the oxygen production purity is improved.