The invention discloses a dissimilar metal welding method of low-carbon steel and cast iron. The method comprises the following steps of S1, preparing of base metal, wherein the carbon content of the low-carbon steel is smaller than or equal to 0.6wt%, the thickness of the low-carbon steel ranges from 0.5 mm to 8 mm, the carbon content of the cast iron ranges from 2wt% to 4wt%, and the thickness of the cast iron is larger than or equal to 1 mm; S2, base metal surface cleaning and assembling, wherein the base metal is cleaned, oxide and oil dirt on the surface are removed, the to-be-welded low-carbon steel and cast iron subjected to surface cleaning are in lap joint and are assembled, a tool clamp is adopted for fixing, a to-be-welded part is formed, and the assembly gap of a lap joint of the low-carbon steel and the cast iron is smaller than or equal to 0.5 mm; and S3, a welding process, wherein a galvanometer laser welding head is adopted, swinging and self-fluxing welding are carried out in the welding process, the low-carbon steel is all subjected to penetration through laser welding, the side surface of the cast iron is partially molten, and the contact faces of the low-carbon steel and the cast iron are subjected to self-fluxing to form a weld bead for fixed connection. According to the method, the welding cost can be reduced, and the anti-cracking performance of the weld bead can be improved; and compared with traditional welding methods such as gas shielding welding, deformation of the welding joint is small, and the obvious technical advantages are achieved.