The invention discloses a vibration signal detection and fault diagnosis system in the shield tunneling process. The vibration signal detection and fault diagnosis system comprises a signal processing center host module which comprises a power module, a CPU module unit connected with the power module, an A/D conversion module, a probe interface module, a display screen module, a signal conditioning unit module, an operating keyboard, a storage module and a power interface module, wherein A/D conversion module, the probe interface module, the display screen module and the signal conditioning unit module are connected with the CPU module unit, and the operating keyboard, the storage module and the power interface module are connected. Clutter signals in the underground tunneling process of a shield can be effectively removed, shield vibration signals which are truer and cleaner can be collected and analyzed, the vibration state of shield tunneling can be reflected truly, and therefore fault signals can be analyzed and evaluated. The system is fast in detection response, good in ration, low in cost, convenient to operate, capable of carrying out early warning and detecting on faults in the underground tunneling process of a shield assembly, reduces unplanned shut-down caused by the faults, reduces economic loss, and has great economic benefits and social benefits.