65 results about "Basement membrane" patented technology

The invention provides a micromolecular recombinant XVII type collagen as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of protein engineering. The novel recombinant human XVII type collagen is obtained by optimizing and screening a plurality of spiral region sequences such as a collagen structural domain, a C-terminal region and a middle region of the human XVII type collagen. The amino acid composition of the recombinant XVII type collagen is consistent with that of a natural collagen alpha1 chain, immunological rejection is not generated when the recombinant XVII type collagen is applied to a human body, the recombinant XVII type collagen can be widely applied to surgical medical treatment and medical beauty industries, the molecular weight of the collagen is small, efficient secretion soluble expression in eukaryotic host cells such as pichia pastoris can be achieved, and the recombinant XVII type collagen has a good application prospect. And industrial large-scale production is carried out. According to the present invention, the verification results show that the micromolecular recombinant XVII type collagen further has basement membrane anti-aging activity, wherein the basement membrane anti-aging activity specifically comprises the improvement of the expression levels of the IV type collagen, the VII type collagen and the XVII type collagen;

The invention provides a gel dressing and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of medical materials.The gel dressing comprises a basement membrane which is a PVA membrane; the gel layer is arranged on the surface of the basement membrane, and the gel layer is prepared from recombinant collagen, exosome, sodium hyaluronate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan and water; the microneedles are evenly arranged on the side, away from the basement membrane, of the gel layer, the microneedles are made of polylactic acid-hydroxy acid copolymer, and the needle tips of the microneedles are loaded with recombinant collagen and exosomes. A skin channel is opened through the microneedle array, the permeation efficiency of recombinant collagen and exosome is improved by multiple times, a large number of active ingredients can quickly reach the deep layer of the skin, and the skin repairing effect is remarkably enhanced.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are provided for treating pulmonary tissues via delivery of energy, generally characterized by high voltage pulses, to target tissue using a pulmonary tissue modification system (e.g., an energy delivery catheter system). Example pulmonary tissues include, without limitation, those within the respiratory tract, particularly the epithelium (the goblet cells, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells, and basal cells), lamina propria, submucosa, submucosal glands, basement membrane, smooth muscle, cartilage, nerves, pathogens resident near or within the tissue, or a combination of any of these. The systems may be used to treat pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, particularly coronaviruses.

The invention provides a polypeptide compound and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of medical or dressing preparations. According to the invention, three specific polypeptides are synergistically proportioned to obtain the polypeptide compound, and the polypeptide compound has the effect of repairing a skin basement membrane in a targeted manner. The polypeptide compound has the advantages of being small in molecular weight, high in safety, low in allergy risk and high in permeability, and has excellent repairing and anti-aging functions. Experiments prove that the polypeptide compound provided by the invention, as an active peptide raw material, can remarkably promote the production of endogenous collagen IV, VII and XVII of skin, is also beneficial to repairing skin extracellular matrix, resisting DNA damage, improving skin cycle protein, inhibiting release of inflammatory factors and the like, can effectively repair a basement membrane, and has a wide application prospect.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are provided for treating pulmonary tissues via delivery of energy, generally characterized by high voltage pulses, to target tissue using a pulmonary tissue modification system (e.g., an energy delivery catheter system). Example pulmonary tissues include, without cells), lamina propria, submucosa, submucosal glands, basement membrane, smooth muscle, cartilage, nerves, pathogens resident near or within the tissue, or a combination of any of these. The system may be used to treat a variety of pulmonary diseases or disorders such as or associated with COPD (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema), asthma, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acute bronchitis and / or other pulmonary diseases or disorders.

The invention discloses a recombinant IV-type collagen as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The recombinant IV-type collagen is prepared by repeating a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.1 for n times (1lt; the recombinant IV-type collagen can effectively promote skin basilar membrane cells to express IV, VII and XVII-type collagen, can repair and reinforce skin barriers, so that the compactness and elasticity of skin are improved, basilar membrane repair is facilitated, the recombinant IV-type collagen can be effectively used for preparing anti-aging products, and the anti-aging effect is good. Wide application prospects are realized in the fields of medical instruments, beauty and skin care and the like. The invention also discloses a method for expressing the recombinant IV type collagen by recombinant escherichia coli, and the method provided by the invention has the advantages of high protein yield, high purity and high yield, and lays a foundation for industrial large-scale production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical instruments, and particularly relates to a medical multifunctional operation pasting film which is characterized in that the medical multifunctional operation pasting film comprises a sterile basement film, an anatomical structure body surface projection layer is arranged on the surface of the sterile basement film, and the anatomical structure body surface projection layer comprises a nerve and blood vessel identification area, a tissue level identification area and an operation path guiding area; an anti-curling adhesive tape is arranged at the edge of the sterile base film, and release paper is fixedly connected to the back surface of the sterile base film. In the anatomical structure body surface projection layer, the nerve and blood vessel identification area is printed through vegetable dye, blood vessels and nerves are clearly distinguished through red fluorescent dye and blue fluorescent dye under ultraviolet light, and positioning errors caused by traditional hand drawing are avoided; protruding texture of the tissue level identification area assists a surgeon in judging the dissection depth through touch feedback, scale marks and an erasable coating of the operation path guiding area support accurate measurement and personalized marking in the operation, and the risk of important tissue damage is reduced.

The invention provides a basement membrane sampling method based on glomerular capillary branch characteristics, and relates to the technical field of image recognition, and the method comprises the steps: employing the center and radius of a glomerular region, carrying out the analysis of the mesangial crossing condition of a basement membrane, obtaining a mesangial crossing result, carrying out the region division and sampling window size calculation, and carrying out the calculation of the size of a sampling window. Obtaining a plurality of sectors and corresponding window areas; random sampling is carried out in the sectors to obtain candidate center points; analyzing the candidate center point based on the window area, if the sampling is not qualified, performing failure retry and annealing strategy to adjust the window, and resampling; otherwise, obtaining a qualified window; and combining all qualified windows to obtain a basement membrane sampling result, and completing the basement membrane sampling based on the glomerular capillary branch characteristics. According to the method, the problem of how to perform balanced, low-deviation, reproducible and efficient sampling and labeling on the glomerular basement membrane under the anatomical priori constraint in the light microscope glomerular pathological image is solved.

The invention discloses a construction method of a COL4A5-K229X point mutation X-linked Alport syndrome mouse model. The construction method comprises the following steps: aiming at c.685Agt of a No.12 exon of a mouse COL4A5 gene; carrying out T point mutation, and designing and preparing Cas9 mRNA, gRNA and a donor vector; the components are mixed and then microinjected into fertilized eggs of a C57BL / 6J mouse to obtain an F0-generation mouse; identifying the genotype through PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification and Sanger sequencing, and screening positive mice; mating the positive F0-generation mice with the wild-type mice, and breeding F1-generation and subsequent generations; the phenotype of the model is further verified through qPCR, biochemical analysis, light microscopic examination, transmission electron microscope and immunofluorescence. The model constructed by the invention shows hematuria, proteinuria, azemia, podocyte loss and irregular thickening and layering of glomerular basement membrane, is consistent with phenotypes of human XLAS patients, and provides an animal model tool for analyzing pathogenesis and developing treatment strategies.

The application discloses a kind of tissue regeneration fillers and preparation method and application thereof, belong to the field of biomedical materials and medical cosmetology technical field. Including the following mass fraction components: mixed microparticle 1.0~5.0 parts;Mixed microparticle includes acellular matrix microparticle and basement membrane microparticle, and the mass ratio of acellular matrix microparticle and basement membrane microparticle is 10‑1:1.The application extracts and compounding two kinds of microparticles respectively, combines gel matrix and dispersion liquid processing, retains the scaffold function of acellular matrix, supplements basement membrane specific active ingredient, realizes instant support and long-acting regeneration synergy;Filler has excellent injectability and biocompatibility, can accurately repair basement membrane structure degradation, promote cell directional migration and tissue functional regeneration, and is widely used in facial rejuvenation, wound repair and soft tissue regeneration.

The present invention provides a recombinant type IV collagen composition for repairing basement membrane and soothing and reducing redness. The inventors found that the recombinant type IV collagen described in the specification of this patent inhibits the phosphorylation of VE-cadherin protein by mediating the PKCα / PYK2 / Src signaling pathway, protects the tight junctions between endothelial cells, prevents the leakage of blood components, and reduces vascular permeability; it can also improve the dissociation of the VE-cadherin complex caused by oxidative stress and maintain the homeostasis of the endothelial barrier; therefore, it has good effects of repairing the basement membrane barrier and soothing and reducing redness. The inventors also first discovered that the repair peptide (GAAGLPGPK) has the effects of repairing the basement membrane barrier, soothing and reducing redness, and the combination of a certain proportion of the recombinant type IV collagen and the repair peptide shows synergistic effects in repairing the basement barrier and soothing and reducing redness.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are provided for treating pulmonary tissues via delivery of energy, generally characterized by high voltage pulses, to target tissue using a pulmonary tissue modification system (e.g., an energy delivery catheter system). Example pulmonary tissues include, without limitation, the epithelium (the goblet cells, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells, and basal cells), lamina propria, submucosa, submucosal glands, basement membrane, smooth muscle, cartilage, nerves, pathogens resident near or within the tissue, or a combination of any of these. The system may be used to treat a variety of pulmonary diseases or disorders such as or associated with COPD (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema), asthma, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acute bronchitis and / or other pulmonary diseases or disorders.

The present disclosure relates to RNAi agents able to inhibit Complement Factor B (CFB) gene expression. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions that include CFB RNAi agents and methods of use thereof. The CFB RNAi agents disclosed herein may be conjugated to targeting ligands, including ligands that comprise N-acetyl-galactosamine, to facilitate the in vivo delivery to hepatocyte cells. The RNAi agents can be used in methods of treatment of diseases, disorders, or symptoms mediated in part by CFB gene expression, including IgA nephropathy (IgAN), C3 glomerulopathy (C3G), immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN), lupus nephritis (LN), Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane disease (anti-GBM), ischemia reperfusion injury and T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) in kidney transplantation, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including early and / or intermediate AMD, geographic atrophy (GA), glaucoma, Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), pre-eclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and / or other complement-mediated diseases.

The present invention provides a composite vascular stent coating for regulating the growth activity of endothelial cells and a preparation method thereof; the composite vascular stent coating of the present invention uses silk nanofiber membranes as the inner and outer layers of the composite vascular stent coating, and adopts weaving technology to weave a seamless polyester tubular fabric as the core layer on the basis of the inner layer of the composite vascular stent coating; the composite vascular stent coating has a microstructure and matrix-like components that imitate the basement membrane of natural blood vessels, which is beneficial to the mechanical engagement between the outer surface of the coating and the inner side of the diseased blood vessel, stabilizes blood flow, avoids turbulence formation, and more significantly improves the adhesion, spreading, growth and proliferation ability of endothelial cells on its inner surface, quickly forms a new endothelial layer, inhibits the occurrence of thrombosis and inflammation, maintains long-term patency of the lumen, and has good application value.

The invention relates to the technical field of biology, in particular to a method for modular assembly of artery blood vessel type organs and construction of tissue microcirculation of the artery blood vessel type organs. The method comprises the following steps: inducing human pluripotent stem cells to differentiate through a mesoderm stage to form an arterial specific vascular organoid module (AVO), and then carrying out modular assembly on the AVO in vivo or in vitro so as to quickly reconstruct a tissue microcirculation network with arterial characteristics. The obtained artery blood vessel organoid is uniform in form, the diameter of the artery blood vessel organoid is intensively distributed at about 200 microns, SOX17 and CXCR4 artery endothelial markers are expressed at the same time, and the artery blood vessel organoid has polarity and a complete basilar membrane. Transplanting experiments show that the organ can be integrated with host blood vessels in a short time, and ischemic tissue blood perfusion is recovered. The defects that existing organoid is irregular, difficult to splice, delayed in perfusion and the like are overcome, and a new strategy is provided for revascularization and acute ischemic disease repair.

The growth factor profile, connective tissue matrix constituents, and immunoprivileged status of urodele extracellular matrix (ECM) and accompanying cutaneous tissue, plus the presence of antimicrobial peptides there, render urodele-derived tissue an ideal source for biological scaffolds for xenotransplantation. In particular, a biological scaffold biomaterial can be obtained by a process that entails (A) obtaining a tissue sample from a urodele, where the tissue comprises ECM, inclusive of the basement membrane, and (B) subjecting the tissue sample to a decellularization process that maintains the structural and functional integrity of the extracellular matrix, by virtue of retaining its fibrous and on-fibrous proteins, glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans, while removing sufficient cellular components of the sample to reduce or eliminate antigenicity and immunogenicity for xenograft purposes. The resultant urodele-derived biomaterial can be used to enhance restoration of skin homeostasis, to reduce the severity, durations and associated damage caused by post-surgical inflammation, and to promote progression of natural healing and regeneration processes. In addition, the biomaterial promotes the formation of remodeled tissue that is comparable in quality, function, and compliance to undamaged human tissue.

The invention relates to the field of biological materials, in particular to a preparation method of a bioprosthetic valve, the bioprosthetic valve is obtained by wrapping a cross-linked extracellular matrix material with a non-cross-linked biological basement membrane to form a sandwich structure, and the preparation method specifically comprises the following steps: respectively preparing the non-cross-linked biological basement membrane and the cross-linked extracellular matrix material; and the collagen derivative mixed solution with the area concentration of 8-50 [mu] L / cm < 2 > and the activator mixed solution with the area concentration of 1-10 [mu] L / cm < 2 > are combined and laminated. The advantages of good regeneration and repair performance and carrying of rich bioactive factors of the basement membrane are utilized, growth and adhesion of endothelial cells on the surface of the material are promoted, an endothelial structure similar to natural blood vessels is formed, the composite bioprosthetic valve has good anti-calcification performance, adhesion of platelets and blood cells is reduced, and the bioprosthetic valve has good anti-calcification performance. The recovery and reconstruction of the valve function are accelerated; moreover, erythrocyte rupture and dissolution are not easily caused, the damage degree to erythrocytes is low, and the blood coagulation risk is low.

A system and methods are provided for amniotic grafts for encouraging healing of incisions applied to the feet, ankles, and other parts of the body. The amniotic graft comprises a multi-layer matrix and a shape for treating the incisions. The amniotic graft comprises an acellular amniotic membrane or a cellular amniotic membrane. The multi-layer matrix comprises an amnion or chorion layer that enables rapid remodeling of soft-tissue wounds. A spongy layer separates a fibroblast layer and the amnion or chorion layer. The multi-layer matrix includes a compact layer, a basement membrane, and an epithelium. The shape comprises a rectangle having a width and length that are suitable for treating the incision. The amniotic grafts can be sterile packaged with sterile instruments for implanting the grafts to treat soft-tissue wounds. The wound can include surgical incisions, muscle strains, as well as tendon and ligament disruption to various locations of the body.

The present application relates to the field of biomaterials, and particularly relates to a biomimetic biological valve. The biomimetic biological valve is obtained by wrapping a non-crosslinked biological basement membrane around a crosslinked extracellular matrix material to form a sandwich structure. The basement membrane cooperates with the crosslinked extracellular matrix material, fully plays the excellent regenerative repair performance and the characteristics of being rich in bioactive factors of the basement membrane, effectively promotes the growth and adhesion of endothelial cells on the surface of the material, and constructs a tissue structure similar to the natural valve leaflet. The biomimetic biological valve exhibits excellent anti-calcification performance and excellent dynamic mechanical stability and compliance, significantly inhibits the abnormal adhesion of platelets and blood cells, greatly improves the recovery and reconstruction efficiency of the valve function, and can maintain the structural integrity in repeated contraction-expansion cycles, providing an ideal solution for long-term stable application in a physiological environment.

This invention discloses an oral ablation detection method and system, belonging to the field of oral detection technology, including: S1, oral tissue sampling; S2, motion compensation; S3, image reconstruction; S4, lesion analysis; S5, ablation planning; S6, ablation execution. This invention utilizes phase-amplitude joint displacement estimation, extracting depth-direction micro-displacement using phase difference and lateral displacement using amplitude centroid shift. This effectively compensates for non-rigid tissue peristalsis caused by swallowing and tongue movements without relying on external markers or high-frequency frame rates, ensuring that the subsequently reconstructed three-dimensional image and ablation target area localization are not distorted due to motion, thus improving the targeting consistency between detection and treatment. Texture analysis at different scales is applied along the oral mucosal epithelium, basement membrane zone, and lamina propria, and depth-adaptive weights are assigned based on the pathological sensitivity differences of each layer, highlighting the probabilistic response of early cancerous areas.

This invention discloses an engineered extracellular vesicle and its application in the preparation of products for treating autoimmune diseases. The engineered extracellular vesicle is either an IDO1-overexpressing engineered extracellular vesicle (MSC-IDO1-EVs) or a CSF1-overexpressing engineered extracellular vesicle (MSC-CSF1-EVs). The engineered extracellular vesicles provided by this invention exhibit significant immunosuppressive effects, reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In animal models, they effectively reduce proteinuria levels, significantly reduce blood dsDNA / ANA levels, effectively alleviate kidney damage caused by autoimmune diseases such as renal immune complex deposition, diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, and mesangial structural disorder, and reduce overall inflammation levels in mice. The therapeutic effect is significantly superior to that of unmodified MSC-EVs. The engineered extracellular vesicles provided by this invention significantly improve the therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases.

This invention is in the field of artificial skeletal muscle. The present invention relates to a method for producing artificial skeletal muscle tissue from pluripotent stem cells, comprising five defined steps, whereby contractile artificial skeletal muscle tissue is produced, and the method is characterized in that steps (i) - (iii) are carried out in a bioreactor under suitable conditions, and wherein the method does not include the use of a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from Engelbreth-Holm swarm mouse sarcoma.Furthermore, an artificial skeletal muscle tissue is disclosed, obtainable by a method disclosed herein, wherein the artificial skeletal muscle tissue generates a contraction force of at least 0.5 millinewtons (mN) upon stimulation of 1 Hz to 150 Hz, wherein the artificial skeletal muscle tissue is serum-free, and wherein the artificial skeletal muscle tissue does not include a transgene. Medical and non-medical uses of the artificial skeletal muscle tissue are also described.

The application belongs to the technical field of biological medicine, and claims a kind of drug complex for preparing tumor treatment, which comprises BHK-21 fibroblast with final concentration of 300,000-625,000 / mL; Dulbecco's culture solution of 30-60% artificial basement membrane and 2-10% fetal bovine serum.

An enriched amnion derived tissue graft has a stromal matrix layer and an epithelium layer. A stromal matrix layer may contain a basement membrane layer, a compact layer, a fibroblast layer, and an intermediate layer. An amnion derived tissue graft may have a plurality of tissue layers and the layers may be configured with the epithelium layers toward the inside and the stromal matrix layers toward the outside surface. An enriched portion may be coated onto or be configured within a tissue layer and have an increased concentration of cells, of proteins, growth factors, seed cells, pharmaceuticals or any combination thereof. A carrier fluid such as amniotic fluid may be used to produce an enrichment composition for coating the tissue graft. The cells within the enriched portion may be stem cells from the amnion, or cells from other tissue and may be seed cells selected based on the treatment location.

This document relates to methods and materials involved in identifying and / or treating mammals having membranous nephropathy (e.g., membranous nephropathy with an elevated level of a neural epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like 1 (NELL-1) polypeptide in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)). For example, methods and materials for administering one or more immunosuppressive agents (e.g., corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or a B-cell reduction or depletion agent such as Rituximab) to treat a mammal (e.g., a human) having membranous nephropathy are provided.

The application relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, and discloses application of a traditional Chinese medicine composition in preparation of a medicine for preventing or treating diabetic microangiopathy, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine composition can improve blood perfusion and blood oxygen content of the foot skin of a diseased rat, reduce whole blood viscosity, has a certain protective effect on eyeball retina injury of a diabetic vasculopathy rat, inhibits infiltration of inflammatory cells in kidney tissue of a diabetic microangiopathy rat, improves glomerular basement membrane morphology, improves edema of proximal tubular epithelial cells, has a certain protective effect on foot skin injury of a diabetic microangiopathy rat, and reduces ET-1 level and Cys-C level in serum.

The invention discloses application of hydrogel in preparation of an anti-infection and anti-scar repair external preparation for treating and chemotherapy skin wounds, and belongs to the field of biomedical materials. The hydrogel comprises sodium alginate and a copper ion solution, the mass fraction of the copper ion solution is 0.01%-0.05%, and 0.1%-1% of sodium alginate is added into every 100 mL of the copper ion solution according to the mass fraction; the external preparation realizes skin wound infection resistance and scar inhibition after chemotherapy by regulating and controlling the expression of collagen and basement membrane protein in wound tissues. According to the application, bacterial contamination can be effectively inhibited, up-regulation of collagen III and Laminin beta1 is promoted, abnormal hyperplasia of collagen I and collagen VII is inhibited, a soft and regular reticular collagen structure is formed on a wound surface, and HE dyeing shows that dermal fibers are uniform and ordered in direction, and scar tissues are obviously reduced.

The present invention provides an artificial skin containing a basement membrane and a preparation method. The method uses dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and the structural components of the basement membrane to prepare the artificial skin containing a basement membrane. In this method, the structural components of the basement membrane, extracellular matrix components, and components required to maintain cell growth are added to the dermal fibroblasts. These components can promote the growth and proliferation of the dermal fibroblasts, or can serve as scaffold materials for the dermal fibroblasts, or can enhance intercellular adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion, or can stimulate and promote the secretion of some extracellular matrix components by dermal cells or epidermal cells to form a basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis, thereby strengthening the connection between the dermis and epidermis. The artificial skin comprises an epidermis, a basement membrane, and a dermis, contains living cells, and has a structure similar to normal skin. It can be used to treat skin wounds caused by various traumas and to prepare skin models.

The present disclosure relates to RNAi agents able to inhibit Complement Factor B (CFB) gene expression. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions that include CFB RNAi agents and methods of use thereof. The CFB RNAi agents disclosed herein may be conjugated to targeting ligands, including ligands that comprise N-acetyl-galactosamine, to facilitate the in vivo delivery to hepatocyte cells. The RNAi agents can be used in methods of treatment of diseases, disorders, or symptoms mediated in part by CFB gene expression, including IgA nephropathy (IgAN), C3 glomerulopathy (C3G), immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN), lupus nephritis (LN), Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane disease (anti-GBM), ischemia reperfusion injury and T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) in kidney transplantation, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including early and / or intermediate AMD, geographic atrophy (GA), glaucoma, Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), pre-eclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and / or other complement-mediated diseases.

The present disclosure relates to a three-dimensional structure including an inverted co-culture having an interior layer comprising a plurality of cells of a first cell type; an opposing exterior layer comprising a plurality cells of a second cell type; and a basement membrane matrix positioned between the interior layer and the exterior layer, wherein the three-dimensional structure has a diameter, and wherein said diameter is capable of being altered by an alloimmune reaction that disrupts the plurality of cells of the second cell type and leads to contraction of the plurality of cells of the second cell type. Also disclosed is a method of modeling Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome, a method for assessing presence of or risk of developing a physiological condition, a method of identifying one or more biomarkers of a disease, and a method of a method of making a three-dimensional structure.