440 results about "Charge separation" patented technology

A method of killing flying insects which method comprises spraying into the air in which insects are flying liquid droplets of an insecticidal composition, a unipolar charge being imparted to the said liquid droplets by double layer charging and charge separation during spraying, the unipolar charge being at a level such that the said droplets have a charge to mass ratio of at least + / -1x10-4 C / kg. An aerosol spray device which is capable of imparting a unipolar charge by double layer charging and charge separation to liquid droplets of a composition sprayed therefrom has a spraying head in the form of an insert in an actuator, the spraying head having a bore through which liquid is expelled having an outlet, preferably with a tortuous periphery, having an L / a ratio of at least 8 (preferably at least 10) where L is the length of the periphery defining the bore outlet in mm and a is the cross-sectional area of the bore outlet in mm2 and the apparatus being constructed such that the droplets are expelled from the spraying head at a flow ratio of at least 0.4 (preferably at least 0.5) grams per second and have a charge to mass ratio of at least + / -1x10-4 C / kg.

An asymmetric supercapacitor has a positive electrode having a current collector an active material selected from the group consisting of manganese dioxide, silver oxide, iron sulfide and mixtures thereof, a negative electrode having a carbonaceous active material carbon and optional current collector, an electrolyte, and a separator plate. In a preferred embodiment at least one of the electrodes has nanostructured / nanofibrous material and in a more preferred embodiment, both electrodes have nanostructured / nanfibrous material. The electrolyte can be liquid or solid although liquid electrolytes are preferred.The asymmetric supercapacitor has improved energy density by electrically coupling an electrode of high faradaic capacity such as one having manganese oxide (MnO2) with an electrode such as carbon that stores charge through charge separation at the electric double-layer. The asymmetric supercapacitor also improves power density by using high surface area nanostructured / nanofibrous electrode materials.

An electrical component includes an inkjet-printed graphene electrode. Graphene oxide flakes are deposited on a substrate in a graphene oxide ink using an inkjet printer. The deposited graphene oxide is thermally reduced to graphene. The electrical properties of the electrode are comparable to those of electrodes made using activated carbon, carbon nanotubes or graphene made by other methods. The electrical properties of the graphene electrodes may be tailored by adding nanoparticles of other materials to the ink to serve as conductivity enhancers, spacers, or to confer pseudocapacitance. Inkjet-printing can be used to make graphene electrodes of a desired thickness in preselected patterns. Inkjet printing can be used to make highly-transparent graphene electrodes. Inkjet-printed graphene electrodes may be used to fabricate double-layer capacitors that store energy by nanoscale charge separation at the electrode-electrolyte interface (i.e., “supercapacitors”).

An example flexoelectric piezoelectric material has a piezoelectric response, which may be a direct piezoelectric effect, a converse piezoelectric effect, both effects, or only one effect. A flexoelectric piezoelectric material comprises shaped elements of a material, which may be a substantially isotropic and centrosymmetric material. The shaped elements, such as cones, pyramids, wedges, or other tapered elements, may provide an electrical response in response to stress or strain gradients due to a flexoelectric effect in the material, and may provide a mechanical response in response to electric field gradients. Examples of the present invention include improved methods of fabricating devices comprising such shaped elements, and multi-layer devices having improved properties.

Disclosed is a layered structure including a first electrode and a second electrode, a light-emitting layer or a charge separation layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a layer containing a conjugated polymer compound between the light-emitting layer or the charge separation layer and the first electrode, wherein the conjugated polymer compound contains a repeating unit selected from the group consisting of a repeating unit represented by formula (1):wherein Ar1 represents a divalent aromatic group, R1 represents a substituent group having a group represented by formula (2), Ar1 may have a substituent group other than R1, and n1 represents an integer of 1 or more;-(R2)c1-(Q1)n2-Y1(M1)a1(Z1)b1  (2)wherein R2 represents a divalent aromatic group which may have a substituent group, Q1 represents a divalent organic group which may have a substituent group, Y1 represents a carbocation, an ammonium cation, a phosphonyl cation or a sulfonyl cation, M1 represents F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, OH−, RaSO3−, RaCOO−, ClO−, ClO2−, ClO3−, ClO4−, SCN−, CN−, NO3−, SO42−, HSO4−, PO43−, HPO42−, H2PO4−, BF4− or PF6−, Z1 represents a metal ion or an ammonium ion which may have a substituent group, c1 represents 0 or 1, n2 represents an integer of 0 or more, provided that n2 is 0 when c1 is 0, a1 represents an integer of 1 or more, b1 represents an integer of 0 or more, a1 and b1 are selected so that the charge of the substituent group represented by formula (2) is 0, Ra represents an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent group.

The development and use of hybrid metal-semiconductor nanoparticles for photocatalysis of a variety of chemical reactions such as redox reactions and water-splitting, is provided.

The present invention provides methods, compounds, and compositions for the synthesis of light harvesting arrays, such arrays comprising: (a) a first substrate comprising a first electrode; and (b) a layer of light harvesting rods electrically coupled to said first electrode, each of said light harvesting rods comprising a polymer of Formula I:X1Xm+1)m  (I)wherein m is at least 1; X1 is a charge separation group, and X2 through Xm+1 are chromophores. At least one of X2 through Xm+1 has at least one perylene group coupled thereto.

An antenna layer is provided separate from an active layer in a solar cell device based on organic materials, enabling improved energy conversion in the solar cell devices by increasing the efficiency and spectral cross-section for the capture of incident light. The antenna layer may be anthracene or an anthracene derivative, for example. The antenna layer is operable to harvest light and transfer captured excitation energy to the active layer of the solar cell device using an energy transfer mechanism, wherein the charge separation and / or the formation of free carriers takes place. The antenna layer also limits the ultraviolet exposure of the active layer thus extending the operating life of the solar cell. The active layer and the antenna layer of a solar cell device may be independently optimized such that there is an increased spectral range and / or cross-section of light absorption and thus a higher photovoltaic efficiency.

Memory devices, arrays, and strings are described that facilitate the use of NROM memory cells in NAND architecture memory strings, arrays, and devices. NROM NAND architecture memory embodiments of the present invention include NROM memory cells in high density vertical NAND architecture arrays or strings facilitating the use of reduced feature size process techniques. These NAND architecture vertical NROM memory cell strings allow for an improved high density memory devices or arrays that can take advantage of the feature sizes semiconductor fabrication processes are generally capable of and yet do not suffer from charge separation issues in multi-bit NROM cells.

One or more multi-level NAND flash cells are operated so as to store only single-level data, and these operations achieve an increased level of charge separation between the data states of the single-level operation by requiring a write to both the upper and lower pages, even though only one bit of data is being stored. That is, the second write operation increases the difference in floating gate charge between the erased state and the programmed state of the first write operation without changing the data in the flash memory cell. In one embodiment, a controller instructs the flash memory to perform two write operations for storing a single bit of data in an MLC flash cell. In another embodiment, the flash memory recognizes that a single write operation is directed a high reliability memory area and internally generates the required plurality of programming steps to place at least a predetermined amount of charge on the specified floating gate.

A pixel is formed in a semiconductor substrate (S) with a plane surface for use in a photodetector. It comprises an active region for converting incident light (In) into charge carriers, photogates (PGL, PGM, PGR) for generating a lateral electric potential (Φ(x)) across the active region, and an integration gate (IG) for storing charge carriers generated in the active region and a dump site (Ddiff). The pixel further comprises separation-enhancing means (SL) for additionally enhancing charge separation in the active region and charge transport from the active region to the integration gate (IG). The separation-enhancing means (SL) are for instance a shield layer designed such that for a given lateral electric potential (Φ(x)), the incident light (In) does not impinge on the section from which the charge carriers would not be transported to the integration gate (IG).

One or more multi-level NAND flash cells are operated so as to store only single-level data, and these operations achieve an increased level of charge separation between the data states of the single-level operation by requiring a write to both the upper and lower pages, even though only one bit of data is being stored. That is, the second write operation increases the difference in floating gate charge between the erased state and the programmed state of the first write operation without changing the data in the flash memory cell. In one embodiment, a controller instructs the flash memory to perform two write operations for storing a single bit of data in an MLC flash cell. In another embodiment, the flash memory recognizes that a single write operation is directed a high reliability memory area and internally generates the required plurality of programming steps to place at least a predetermined amount of charge on the specified floating gate.

The invention relates to a preparation method a hydrophilic electrical charge separation film. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: carrying out in-situ polymerization reaction to obtain a film-making solution by taking film-making resin, a solvent, a free radical polymerization initiator, an in-situ polymerization monomer and a pore-foaming agent as raw materials; and carrying out the conventional processes of de-foaming, molding and the like so as to obtain the hydrophilic electrical charge separation film. A porous separation film prepared by using the method disclosed by the invention has the ultrahigh pure water flux and the hydrophilism is greatly improved; the attenuation speed of the film in sewage is greatly reduced; and meanwhile, electrical charges are uniformly arranged on the surface of the film and the film is subjected to the electrical charge modification in the film forming process, so that the retention rate of the film to charged substances in the sewage is obviously improved. The hydrophilic electrical charge separation film prepared by using the method disclosed by the invention can be used for treatment on municipal sewage, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.

This invention relates to a method for preparing SnO2 / TiO2 nanocomposites. The method comprises: (1) performing sol-gel method to prepare SnO2 / TiO2 composite precursor; (2) milling, and torrefying at a high temperature to obtain nanocomposites with different mol. ratios. The method has such advantages as simple technical principle, simple operation and low requirement for equipment. Compared with pure TiO2 material, the obtained SnO2 / TiO2 nanocomposites have such advantages as improved charge separation effect, higher photocatalytic ability, higher sensitivity and changed impedance.

An electric field activated molecular system, preferably bi-stable, configured within an electric field generated by a pair of electrodes is provided for use, e.g., as electronic ink or other visual displays. The molecular system has an electric field induced band gap change that occurs via a change (reversible or irreversible) of the extent of the electron conjugation via chemical bonding change to change the band gap, wherein in a first state, there is substantial conjugation throughout the molecular system, resulting in a relatively smaller band gap, and wherein in a second state, the substantial conjugation is destroyed, resulting in a relatively larger band gap. The changing of substantial conjugation may be accomplished in one of the following ways: (1) charge separation or recombination accompanied by increasing or decreasing electron localization in the molecule; or (2) change of substantial conjugation via charge separation or recombination and pi-bond breaking or making. A primary advantage of the molecular system is improved contrast. Because the colorant of the present invention is molecular and thus effectively monoplanar, there should be no backside reflection or excessive scattering from the colorant. A second advantage of the present invention is improved resolution. Finally, each molecule of the present invention will latch to stabilize one or the other of its color states.

NROM EEPROM memory devices and arrays are described that facilitate the use of vertical NROM memory cells and select gates in NOR or NAND high density memory architectures. Memory embodiments of the present invention utilize vertical select gates and NROM memory cells to form NOR and NAND NROM architecture memory cell strings, segments, and arrays. These NROM memory cell architectures allow for improved high density memory devices or arrays with integral select gates that can take advantage of the feature sizes semiconductor fabrication processes are generally capable of and yet do not suffer from charge separation issues in typical multi-bit NROM cells. The memory cell architectures also allow for mitigation of disturb and overerasure issues by placing the NROM memory cells behind select gates that isolate the memory cells from their associated bit / data lines and / or source lines.

The invention provides an iron (III) tetracarboxyl phenyl porphyrin implanted metal organic framework composite material preparation method. The method includes: preparing FeTCPPCl from TCPP and FeCl24H2O according to a solvothermal method, and adopting the solvothermal method for implanting FeTCPPCl into a metal organic framework UiO-66 to obtain a composite material FeTCPPCl-UiO-66. By UiO-66 sensitization, light response capacity of UiO-66 is effectively improved, a light absorption range is expanded while charge separation efficiency is improved, and high catalytic activity in Photo-Fenton-like catalytic degradation is achieved. Compared with dark reaction and UiO-66, the composite material has advantages that dye RhB degradation effects are evidently enhanced through light-induced fenton-like reaction, and the RhB degradation rate reaches 100% within 90min.

A linear trap which allows for charge separation and ion mobility separation in a speedy manner, and enables measurement with high duty cycle. A mass spectrometer comprises an ion source, an ion trap for trapping ions ionized by the ion source, an ion trap controller for controlling a voltage on an electrode included in the ion trap, and a detector for detecting the ions ejected from the ion trap. The ion trap controller includes a table for each mass-to-charge ratio, the table containing a frequency of the voltage used for charge separation, and a gain of the voltage for ejecting a first ion with a first charge outside the ion trap, and retaining in the ion trap a second group of ions with a second charge that is lower than that of the first charge. The ion trap controller controls the voltage based on the mass-to-charge ratio set. The mass spectrometer has significantly improved sensitivity, as compared to the prior art.

The invention relates to a photochemical method for removing organic phenolic pollutants and hexavalent chromium in water body and a preparation method of a catalytic agent. The method comprises the steps of: arousing a mesoporous Bi203 / TiO2 composite nano-visible light catalytic agent with visible light response to generate charge separation under the irradiation of visible light; reducing the hexavalent chromium which is high in toxicity in the wastewater into trivalent chromium which is low in toxicity and small in solubility by a conduction electron of Bi2O3; and removing the organic phenolic pollutants in the wastewater by a valence band hole oxidation method of TiO2 to achieve the aim of effectively purifying the composite polluted wastewater. The method can be performed under a normal temperature, the method is wide in application range, the wastewater does not need to be subsequently treated, the catalytic agent can be circularly used during reacting, and the use ratio of the visible light in the sunlight can be greatly improved, so that the method is wide in application prospect.

The invention relates to a yttrium oxide / titanium dioxide nanometer composite material. The component quality percentage is 0.1-75 of Y2Ti2O7, 10-45 of anatase TiO2 and 10-70 of rutile TiO2. The preparation method for nanometer powder is that sol-gel method is used to combine with the simple roasting and so it is provided with relative simple technology, easy operation, low demand for equipment and low cost. Compared with pure TiO2, the yttrium oxide / titanium dioxide nanometer composite material prepared in invention has higher catalytic capability. Actually the anatase titanium oxide composite Y203 is the decoration to TiO2 grain so that the charge separation effect of system can be improved and the TiO2 spectral response range is enlarged. The size of grain of obtained product is equal and the spectral response range is enlarged. It can be applied widely in water pollution treatment, waste gas treatment and bacteria disinfection so on.

The invention discloses an inverted solar cell structure adopting a surface plasmon effect. The inverted solar cell structure comprises a cathode transparent conductive substrate, an electron transport layer, a metal-semiconductor core-shell nanoparticle layer, an active layer, an hole transport layer and an anode electrode, wherein the electron transport layer is manufactured on the cathode transparent conductive substrate; the metal-semiconductor core-shell nanoparticle layer is manufactured on the electron transport layer; the active layer is manufactured on the metal-semiconductor core-shell nanoparticle layer; the hole transport layer is manufactured on the active layer; and the anode electrode is manufactured on the hole transport layer. According to the inverted solar cell structure and the manufacturing method thereof, metal-semiconductor core-shell nanoparticles are introduced into an interface of the electron transport layer and the active layer, the effect of enhancing light absorption of metal surface plasmons can be exerted, the metal nanoparticles can be prevented from being in direct contact with the active layer to form a charge recombination center, and the core shell and the electron transport layer are in energy level match to facilitate charge separation and transport, thereby the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells can be effectively improved.

A method of making films surface imprinted with nanometer-sized particles to produce micro- and / or nano-structured electron and hole collecting interfaces, include providing at least one transparent substrate, providing at least one photoabsorbing conjugated polymer, providing a sufficient amount of nanometer-sized particles to produce a charge separation interface, providing at least one transparent polymerizable layer, embedding the nanometer-sized particles in the conjugated polymer, applying the polymerizable layer and the conjugated polymer / nanometer-sized particle mixture on separate substrates where the nanometer-sized particles form a stamp surface, imprinting the stamp surface into the surface of the polymerizable film layer to produce micro- and / or nano-structured electron and hole collecting interfaces, polymerizing the polymerizable film layer to form a conformal gap, and filling the gap with at least one photoabsorbing material to promote the generation of photoexcited electrons and transport to the charge separation interface.

An example flexoelectric-piezoelectric apparatus provides an electrical response to an applied force, and / or an actuation in response to an applied electric field, that originates from the flexoelectric properties of a component. For example, shaped forms within the apparatus may be configured to yield a stress gradient on application of the force, and the stress gradient induces the flexoelectric signal. A flexoelectric-piezoelectric apparatus can be substituted for a conventional piezoelectric apparatus, but does not require the use of a piezoelectric material. Instead, the response of the apparatus is due to the generation of stress gradients and / or field gradients.

An apparatus and method for solar energy production comprises a multi-layer solid-state structure including a photosensitive layer, a thin conductor, a charge separation layer, and a back ohmic conductor, wherein light absorption occurs in a photosensitive layer and the charge carriers produced thereby are transported through the thin conductor through the adjacent potential energy barrier. The open circuit voltage of the solar cell can be manipulated by choosing from among a wide selection of materials making up the thin conductor, the charge separation layer, and the back ohmic layer.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the separation of analytes based on their molecular weight, by application of an electric field across a low-friction matrix that includes with a charged separation agent. The matrix comprises charged regions ordered in a monotonous sequence distributed throughout the matrix so as to generate a charge density gradient. When an external electric field is applied, the complex will move through the different charged regions and focusing of different analytes in different charge regions will occur. These systems are suitable for planar, capillary in-tube electrophoresis, as well as multi-channel arrays of capillaries filled with charge gradient gels, serial arrays of discrete compartments with charge density gradient, arrays in a chip format, pre-designed mass focusing arrays for specific protein masses in application for protein and DNA marker diagnostics, and multi compartment trapping devices for specific mass ranges.

A charge separation heterojunction structure which uses a fullerene polymer film as a part of its constituent materials and which may be used to produce a solar cellor a light emitting diode superior in durability, physical properties of electrons and economic merits. The heterojunction structure is such a structure in which an electron-donating electrically conductive high-polymer film and an electron-accepting fullerene polymer film are layered between a pair of electrodes at least one of which is light transmitting. In forming the layers, the fullerene polymer film is identified using in particular the Raman and Nexafs methods in combination so that upper layers are formed after identifying the polymer film.