56 results about "Electron radiation" patented technology

The invention relates to a method for processing an optical element, comprising the steps of: determining a wavefront of an optical system, and irradiating the optical element with electrons depending on the determined wavefront of the optical system. The invention further relates to a method for processing an optical element, comprising: determining the shape of the surface of the optical element and irradiating the optical element with electrons depending on the determined shape of the surface of the optical element. The objective of providing methods for processing an optical element that allow for rapid processing and with which larger amplitude corrections can be implemented without (significantly) altering the coating is achieved by performing the irradiation with a first electron energy E1 and at least one further electron energy E2.Furthermore, the invention relates to an optical element processed using one of the methods according to the invention, an optical system, in particular a projection system, for microlithography with such an optical element, a semiconductor technology system, in particular a projection exposure system, with such an optical system, in particular a projection system, and a device for electron irradiation, in particular for carrying out the methods according to the invention.

The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductor device manufacturing, in particular to an FRD process control method with the characteristic that forward conduction voltage drop is positive temperature, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, ring base region process, S2, cut-off ring process, S3, Control process, S4, PT sputtering, S5, Pt kill, S6, metallization, S7, irradiation treatment, S8, back thinning, and S9, back gold process. In particular, through comprehensive application of the implantation dosage of boron ions, the diffusion condition of a platinum layer and electron irradiation, the method can ensure that the FRD has optimized performance that the forward conduction voltage drop is approximate to zero temperature or the positive temperature characteristic; and the forward conduction voltage drop can be kept in a relatively stable range and can also be improved along with the temperature rise, so that the current conduction capability and the thermal stability of the parallel device are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, in particular to medical X-ray imaging equipment and a solid sealing and filling device thereof.The medical X-ray imaging equipment comprises a shell, an X-ray tube is fixedly installed in the shell, an anode target assembly and a cathode assembly are installed at the two ends of the X-ray tube respectively, and a ceramic tube is connected between the anode target assembly and the cathode assembly; the anode target assembly comprises a target material and a transmission window, the cathode assembly comprises a filament assembly, the filament assembly emits electrons to the target material in a vacuum environment, and X-rays are generated through the transmission window; a collimator and a baffle plate are fixedly mounted at the two ends of the shell corresponding to the anode target assembly and the cathode assembly respectively, a beam outlet corresponding to the transmission window is formed in the center of the collimator, and the beam outlet limits the electron radiation range. The X-ray imaging equipment is small in size, wide in application range, good in insulation effect, high in service environment tolerance, capable of bearing high voltage and excellent in radiation shielding performance.

The embodiment of the invention relates to the field of medical accelerators, and provides a medical accelerator beam centering test device, test method and adjustment method, the device comprises a centering collimator, the center of the centering collimator is provided with a first collimating hole, the two sides of the first collimating hole are respectively provided with a second collimating hole, a ray beam sequentially passes through the initial collimator and the centering collimator to form a radiation field; and the electron radiation field imaging device is arranged on one side, far away from the primary collimator, of the centering collimator and is used for imaging a radiation field to obtain dose intensity distribution data. Respectively extracting dose intensity distribution data sets on a bed entering and exiting direction line and a left-right direction line from the dose intensity distribution data, and calculating offset distances and offset angles of targeting centers on the bed entering and exiting direction line and the left-right direction line; and adjusting the targeting center based on the offset distance and the offset angle of the targeting center on the bed entering and exiting direction line and the left-right direction line. According to the invention, the centering test and adjustment precision is high and reliable, and the product cost is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of wastewater treatment, in particular to a low-temperature plasma stirring device for oilfield drilling wastewater treatment, which comprises a stirring shaft and a stirring impeller, one end of the stirring shaft is blocked, the other end of the stirring shaft is communicated with an inner cavity to form an air inlet, and a plurality of groups of air outlets are axially formed in the stirring shaft; the pore diameters of the groups of air outlet holes are different, crushing impellers are arranged at the parts, corresponding to the large-diameter air outlet holes, of the stirring shaft, and a turbulent flow piece is mounted on the stirring shaft in the axial direction of the stirring shaft; the low-temperature plasma external field is introduced, the drilling wastewater can be treated through various methods such as high-energy electron radiation, oxidation of active particles such as free radicals, ultraviolet decomposition and the like, the treatment efficiency is improved, meanwhile, the requirement for a chemical catalyst is reduced, the capital cost is reduced, and pollution to the environment is reduced; in addition, the liquid-solid mixing condition in the stirring tank is obviously improved by utilizing the stirring impeller and the spoiler, the reaction efficiency is improved, and the wastewater treatment is more thorough.

The application relates to the technical field of medical equipment, and particularly provides a medical X-ray imaging device and a solid sealing and filling device thereof. The X-ray imaging device comprises a shell, an X-ray tube is fixedly arranged in the shell, an anode target assembly and a cathode assembly are respectively arranged at two ends of the X-ray tube, and a ceramic tube is arranged between the anode target assembly and the cathode assembly. The anode target assembly comprises a target material and a transmission window, the cathode assembly comprises a filament assembly, the filament assembly emits electrons to the target material in a vacuum environment, and X-rays are generated through the transmission window. A collimator and a baffle are respectively fixedly arranged at two ends of the shell and correspond to the anode target assembly and the cathode assembly, a beam outlet corresponding to the transmission window is arranged at the center of the collimator, and the beam outlet limits the electron radiation range. The X-ray imaging device has the advantages of small volume, wide application range, good insulation effect, strong use environment tolerance, high voltage bearing capacity and excellent radiation shielding performance.

The invention provides a method and a system for simulating a space orbit electron radiation environment. The system comprises a femtosecond laser system, an optical system, a composite target, a magnet, a beam detector and an electron spectrometer which are connected in sequence. The method for simulating the space orbit electron radiation environment by adopting the system comprises the following steps: acquiring target orbit information, and obtaining electron energy spectrum information corresponding to the target orbit; under the condition of fixing the laser and the parameters of the target II, changing the density and length of the target I, collecting the energy and number information of electron beams generated after the target II is collected, and obtaining the energy spectrum information of the electron beams and the corresponding electron temperature and electron cut-off energy of the electron beams; and when the electron temperature and the electron cut-off energy obtained by adjusting the density and the length of the target I are matched with those of the target orbit, obtaining the electron radiation environment of the target orbit. According to the invention, ground simulation of the space orbit electron radiation environment can be realized, and the blank of ground simulation of different orbit radiation environments in the field of space radiation environment simulation is filled.

The present invention discloses a method for strengthening the radiation resistance of electronic devices based on perovskite / resin composite materials, which belongs to the field of radiation resistance strengthening. The radiation resistance strengthening method of the present invention includes three parts: preparation of Lewis base-modified perovskite powder, preparation of Lewis base-modified perovskite / resin slurry, and radiation resistance strengthening of electronic devices. A precursor solution containing a Lewis base is added to a reaction solvent containing a ligand and vigorously stirred to obtain a Lewis base-modified perovskite material, which is then compounded with a resin and coated on the surface of an electronic device to achieve radiation resistance strengthening of the electronic device. The interaction between the perovskite / resin composite material of the present invention and the incident high-energy electrons significantly attenuates the radiation energy, thereby reducing the energy deposition in the device and ensuring the electrical performance stability of the electronic device under high-energy electron radiation. It also has broad application prospects in aerospace engineering, radiation medicine, nuclear engineering and other fields.

A calibration curve determination method characterized by: a first step (S11) of providing a plurality of wafer groups, each of which includes a plurality of silicon wafers having the same oxygen concentration and different carbon concentrations, the wafer groups differing from one another in the oxygen concentration of the silicon wafers enclosed therein; a second step (S12) of irradiating a plurality of areas of each of the silicon wafers enclosed in each of the wafer groups with electron beams at different irradiation doses; a third step (S13) of obtaining, by a photoluminescence method, an intensity ratio of a first luminescence intensity derived from silicon to a second luminescence intensity derived from carbon.for each of the areas irradiated with the electron beams; a fourth step (S14) of classifying a plurality of data, each containing the oxygen concentration, the carbon concentration, the irradiation dose, and the intensity ratio, in a plurality of data sets, wherein the data contained in each of the data sets have the same irradiation dose and the same oxygen concentration, and the data sets differ from each other in at least one of the irradiation dose and the oxygen concentration, and determining a first calibration curve representing a relationship between the intensity ratio and the carbon concentration for each of the data sets to obtain a calibration curve group; a fifth step (S15) of selecting one or more combinations from the calibration curve group, wherein each of the one or more combinations represents a pair of the first calibration curves,which are equal to each other in irradiation dose and differ from each other in oxygen concentration, wherein the one or more combinations differ from each other in irradiation dose, and obtaining a difference between the curves of the paired first calibration curves in a double logarithmic plot for each of the one or more combination(s); and a sixth step (S16) which includes selecting a specific combination from the one or more combination(s), wherein the specific combination has a smaller difference between the curves within a predetermined range than the difference between the curves of one or more other combinations, determining the irradiation dose common to the first calibration curves of the specific combination as the electron beam irradiation dose for measurement,and determining a second calibration curve using all data included in the pair or pairs of datasets to determine the pair or pairs of first calibration curves connected in at least the specific combination, wherein the second calibration curve represents a relationship between the intensity ratio and the carbon concentration and can be used for measurement in combination with the electron beam irradiation dose.

The embodiment of the invention provides a dual-energy electron irradiation accelerator structure. The dual-energy electron irradiation accelerator structure comprises an accelerating tube, a klystron, an accelerating tube electron gun, a klystron electron gun, a first output assembly and a second output assembly. And the accelerating tube is communicated with the klystron. The accelerating tube electron gun is arranged at one end of the accelerating tube. The klystron electron gun is arranged at one end of the klystron. The first output assembly is arranged at the other end of the accelerating tube and used for outputting the first electron beam from the accelerating tube. The second output assembly is arranged at the other end of the klystron and used for outputting the second electron beam from the klystron. The dual-energy electron irradiation accelerator structure provided by the embodiment of the invention is high in electron beam utilization efficiency.

The invention relates to a method for joining two film sections during the production of a shaped body with a local opening option, which is formed at least partially from one or more films, in which the two film sections are joined to one another by sealing. The method is characterized in that at least one of the film sections is locally irradiated with electron radiation, either completely or in one or more partial areas, before sealing in order to achieve reduced strength of a seal seam formed by sealing in the respectively irradiated area. This makes it possible to produce a dispensing opening in a film package without integrating a rigid shaped body or the problems associated with tearing open the package. The packaging is opened at the point predetermined by the electron treatment simply by the user pressing the packaging together.

In a general aspect, ionizing radiation is generated using laser light. In some aspects, an apparatus for generating ionizing radiation includes a laser configured to generate a pulse of laser light and a gas medium that has an interaction region therein. The apparatus also includes an optical element that has a reflective surface. The reflective surface defines a focal point in the interaction region of the gas medium. The reflective surface is configured to receive the pulse of laser light and focus the pulse of laser light at the focal point. In many variations, the pulse of laser light is configured to generate a plasma in the interaction region when focused at the focal point by the reflective surface. In these variations, the gas medium is configured to emit an ionizing radiation from the interaction region in response to the plasma being generated therein. The ionizing radiation includes electron radiation.

The utility model relates to a perovskite cell space environment multifunctional protection composite packaging structure comprising a bottom frame, the upper end face of the bottom frame is provided with a containing groove, and a perovskite cell is placed in the containing groove; the composite packaging film comprises an anti-reflection layer, a first packaging film and a second packaging film which are stacked, and the anti-reflection layer is arranged on the upper end face of the perovskite cell; the first packaging assembly is arranged on the upper end face of one side of the bottom frame so as to clamp one side of the composite packaging film; the second packaging assembly is arranged on the upper end face of the other side of the bottom frame so as to clamp the other side of the composite packaging film; and the protective layer comprises an anti-radiation coating and an atomic oxygen protective layer which are sequentially evaporated on the second packaging film, and the anti-radiation coating is coated with the atomic oxygen protective layer. The packaging film provided by the utility model has the advantages of anti-reflection, high and low temperature resistance, electron radiation resistance and atomic oxygen corrosion resistance, and can meet the low-orbit space application of the perovskite laminated cell; and the cost is lower than that of a glass cover plate applied to an existing gallium arsenide solar cell.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a composite material, according to the preparation method, non-woven flame-retardant polyester is subjected to PE lamination, then electron radiation is carried out in a salicylate ultraviolet absorbent, the ultraviolet absorbent can be grafted with a polyester layer and a PE layer in the radiation process to improve the binding force, and on the premise that the ductility is guaranteed, the tensile strength of the composite material is improved. Meanwhile, the tearing strength and the aging resistance of the composite material are improved; in addition, the material is endowed with water repellency, oil repellency and the like based on the characteristics of the lamination layer, can be widely applied to paint surface protection, such as automobile paint surface protection as an automobile cover, and has a wide application prospect.

Method for producing three-dimensional objects by successively solidifying layers of a powdered building material which can be solidified by means of electromagnetic radiation, in particular focused radiation such as laser radiation or electron radiation, at the locations corresponding to the respective cross-section of the objects, with the following features, - providing a construction device (1) which has a construction chamber (3) delimited by side walls (2) and a carrying device arranged within the construction chamber (3) so as to be height-adjustable for carrying the object, and - providing a coating device for applying layers of the building material to the support device or a previously formed layer and - Providing an irradiation device for irradiating layers of the building material at the locations corresponding to the respective cross-section of the object, - construction of a building cell (10) by generative construction of at least one building cell wall (11) which closely surrounds the object to be built either with at least one side wall (2) of the building chamber (3) or with further building cell wall sections and - Reduction of the coater volume and the area of ​​the coater application such that predominantly only the area within the construction cell (10) is coated, - characterized in that the contour of the construction cell (10) essentially follows the contour of the object to be built and the volume area lying inside the construction chamber (3) but outside the construction cell (10) is covered by a diaphragm provided with an opening, which is arranged below a coater (30).

The invention discloses a transition radiation polarized wave regulation and control method and system based on an isotropic material. The regulation and control method comprises the following steps: calculating an equivalent current according to an oblique incidence electronic pulse velocity vector and converting the current into a frequency and wave number space; calculating an electron radiation field equation and an interface radiation field equation according to the Maxwell equation set; solving the electron radiation field equation and the interface radiation field equation to obtain an electron radiation field and an interface radiation field; adopting a phase matching algorithm to calculate a total field on two sides of the regulation and control material interface; calculating a transverse magnetic wave far-field radiation angular spectrum and a transverse electric wave far-field radiation angular spectrum excited during electron incidence by adopting boundary phase matching; and regulating and controlling the separation of the transition radiation polarized waves in space according to the relationship between the calculated energy angular spectrum spatial distribution of the transition radiation field and the incident angle of the electronic pulse and / or the electromagnetic parameters of the regulation and control material. According to the invention, the problem that excitation of different modes of transition radiation waves and separation of different modes of radiation fields in space are difficult to autonomously regulate and control in the prior art is solved.

The invention discloses a system for purifying CO2 through low-energy electron radiation and an application method, and the system comprises a reaction bin, the bottom of the reaction bin is provided with a lifting sample table, the upper part of the reaction bin is provided with a flange interface, and the reaction bin is provided with a vacuum valve and a heater; the electron gun is hermetically connected with the reaction bin; the gas-phase sample introduction device is connected with the reaction bin through a first guide pipe, the gas-phase sample introduction device is provided with a CO2 sample introduction end and a pure water sample introduction end, the CO2 sample introduction end and the pure water sample introduction end are both provided with flow valves, and a heating device is arranged at the bottom of the gas-phase sample introduction device; and the product collection and analysis device is connected to the reaction bin. The method has the following beneficial effects that the mixing ratio of CO2 and water vapor in the reaction, catalytic reaction substances, the distance from the lifting sample table to the electron gun and a plurality of variables can adopt control variables to detect generated substances in a reaction formula, so that parameters such as energy and flow intensity of low-energy electron beams are optimized, and efficient radiation reduction of CO2 in the ionization radiation reduction device is realized.

The present invention relates to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and in particular to a low-temperature plasma stirring device for treating oilfield drilling wastewater. The device comprises a stirring shaft and a stirring impeller, wherein one end of the stirring shaft is blocked, and the other end is connected to an inner cavity to form an air inlet. The stirring shaft is provided with a plurality of groups of air outlet holes along its axial direction, the apertures of each group of air outlet holes are different, and a crushing impeller is provided at a portion of the stirring shaft corresponding to the large-diameter air outlet holes, and a spoiler is installed along its axial direction. The present invention introduces a low-temperature plasma external field, and can treat drilling wastewater through various methods such as high-energy electron radiation, oxidation of active particles such as free radicals, and ultraviolet decomposition, thereby improving treatment efficiency while reducing the demand for chemical catalysts, thereby reducing not only capital costs but also environmental pollution. In addition, the stirring impeller and the spoiler are used to significantly improve the liquid-solid mixing in the stirring tank, improve reaction efficiency, and make wastewater treatment more thorough.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of charged protection in dielectrics, and discloses a method, system, device and terminal for calculating and evaluating the risk of charged in dielectrics. By constructing a specimen model and a shielding layer model, constructing an electron radiation source model and calculating relevant radiation parameters and radiation data, the simulation of the radiation process of the dielectric under a monoenergetic electron radiation environment and the simulation of the radiation process of the dielectric under a real-space electron radiation environment are respectively realized and exported; four voltage application conditions are analyzed, the working voltage range is set to 100 - 1000V, and three levels of voltages 100V, 500V and 1000V are selected for calculation; by constructing a simulation scheme for the grounding method, the influence of the grounding method on the electric field distribution in the dielectric is analyzed; a charge transport model is constructed and solved to realize the risk assessment of electrostatic discharge in the dielectric. The present invention can fully consider the influence of factors such as electron radiation, working voltage, and the grounding method of the dielectric on the charged in the dielectric, and is more in line with the actual working conditions of the spacecraft dielectric.

The invention relates to an electromagnetic radiation detection device (100) comprising: - a housing comprising a first hermetically sealed and juxtaposed enclosure (102) and a second enclosure (104), - a sensor (120) arranged in the first enclosure and formed by a flat surface sensitive to said electromagnetic radiation, said sensor having an optical axis (X) centered with respect to said sensor, wherein: - the first enclosure (102) comprises a window (115) transparent to electromagnetic radiation arranged opposite said sensor, and the second enclosure (104) comprises a first window (111) receiving electromagnetic radiation from outside the housing and a second window (113) transparent to electromagnetic radiation and adjacent to the window (115) of the first enclosure, - the second enclosure (104) comprises a cold element (128). Figure to be published with the abstract: [Fig. 1]

The invention relates to the technical field of high-resolution imaging systems of compact scanning transmission electron microscopes, and discloses a high-resolution imaging system based on a compact scanning transmission electron microscope, which comprises a pulsed electron beam illumination system, a condenser, a 12-pole rapid deflector, an astigmatism corrector, an aberration corrector and a low-spherical-aberration objective lens. Only one pair of deflection electric fields is applied through the non-equal 12-pole field electrodes, the deflection speed problem is greatly relieved, three different functions can be achieved through a Tongzhi combination structure composed of quadruple octopoles and application of different electromagnetic signals, high-angle scattered electrons are collected through the dark field detector, and the high-angle scattered electrons are obtained through the pulse electron beam illumination system. Compared with bright field imaging, the method has the advantages that the imaging contrast ratio is higher, weak signals which are extremely easy to cover in bright field images are highlighted, the electron collection efficiency is improved, and it is guaranteed that images with higher quality are obtained.

Device (1) for producing three-dimensional objects (2) by successively solidifying layers of a powdered build-up material (3) that can be solidified by means of electromagnetic radiation, in particular focused radiation such as laser radiation or electron radiation, at the locations corresponding to the respective cross-section of the objects, wherein the device has a support device (4) for supporting the object (2) on a top surface of a carrier facing the object (2), and a coating device (5) for applying layers of the build-up material (3) to the support device (4) or a previously filtered layer, as well as an irradiation device for irradiating layers of the build-up material (3) at the locations corresponding to the respective cross-section of the object (2), wherein the carrier comprises a chamber table (9) which is arranged vertically displaceable within a build chamber with a chamber shaft (11).wherein the chamber table (9) is sealed at its edge against the walls (10) of the chamber shaft (11) and has at least one sealing device (13) for this purpose, characterized in that the sealing device (13) consists of an outer sealing element (14) bearing against the walls (10) of the chamber shaft (11) and an inner adjusting element (15) located behind it, which is designed to be volume-variable in order to adjust and maintain a contact pressure of the sealing device (13) against the walls (10) of the chamber shaft (11).

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical instruments, and particularly relates to a magnetic introduction quantum dot patch as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The quantum dots are introduced into the application, the quantum dots are combined with the medicine, and the quantum dots can effectively enter the human body in the magnetic line direction under the action of the magnetic field generator; the electron radiation source absorbs heat of a human body to emit far infrared rays, electrons in the quantum dots are excited to transition, electromagnetic waves with specific wavelengths are emitted, the quantum dot drug compound releases drugs, meanwhile, the electromagnetic waves and magnetic field energy waves of human cells can form resonance and conduction, damaged cells are repaired, cell energy is supplemented, and treatment is achieved. When the magnetic introduction quantum dot application provided by the invention is used for treating human body diseases, accurate treatment on the human body diseases is realized by combining the microparticle characteristics and high-frequency energy wave characteristics of quantum dots and the biological effect of a magnetic field, and the magnetic introduction quantum dot application has a remarkable treatment effect, is wide in application range and is simple and convenient to operate.

The invention provides a PI-based anti-electron radiation composite material and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of anti-radiation materials.The preparation method comprises the steps that S1, boron carbide powder, a silane coupling agent and an organic solvent are mixed and then subjected to dispersion treatment, and dispersion liquid is obtained; s2, 4, 4-diaminodiphenyl ether and pyromellitic dianhydride are added into the dispersion liquid, then stirring treatment, filtering and defoaming treatment are sequentially conducted, and a composite glue solution is obtained; and S3, coating a mold with the composite glue solution, and carrying out heating treatment to obtain the electron radiation prevention composite material. The composite material prepared by the method disclosed by the invention has relatively low density and relatively good electron radiation resistance.

The invention belongs to the field of photovoltaic packaging, and relates to an organic silicon packaging adhesive film for a space photovoltaic module and a preparation method of the organic silicon packaging adhesive film, the organic silicon packaging adhesive film is prepared by coating on a basement film and thermocuring preforming, the organic silicon packaging adhesive film comprises a composite matrix and a composite radiation-resistant agent, the composite matrix comprises phenyl-containing linear silicone oil, and the composite radiation-resistant agent comprises phenyl-containing linear silicone oil. The phenyl-containing body type silicon resin is in chemical combination connection with the linear silicone oil; the composite radiation-resistant agent comprises titanate modified nano cerium oxide and silane modified nano zirconium oxide which have a synergistic effect; the ultraviolet radiation resistance of the adhesive film obtained by compounding the composite matrix and the composite radiation-resistant agent is 11000 ESH, the electron radiation resistance is 1 * 10 < 15 > e / cm < 2 >, and the temperature resistance range of the adhesive film is-196 DEG C to 400 DEG C.

The utility model relates to a photovoltaic cell testing device in a simulated besides-satellite environment, which is used for testing the performance of a photovoltaic cell assembly in the simulated besides-satellite environment, and specifically comprises a device main body which comprises a main cavity, an upper functional flange, a lower functional flange and a working platform; the vacuum simulation module is used for simulating the vacuum environment of the besides-star surface and comprises a vacuum pump assembly and a pressure measurement and control assembly; the temperature simulation module is used for simulating the environment temperature of the besides-star surface and comprises a heating assembly, a refrigeration assembly and a temperature control assembly; the illumination simulation module is used for simulating the illumination condition of the besides-star surface and comprises an optical window and a xenon lamp light source; and the irradiation simulation module is used for simulating irradiation conditions of the besides-satellite surface and comprises an electron radiation light source and an ultraviolet light source. Compared with the prior art, the device can be used for performing photovoltaic cell performance test on the photovoltaic cell assembly under different environment conditions of simulating a besides-star.

The utility model provides a system for simulating a space orbit electron radiation environment. The system comprises a femtosecond laser generating device, a vacuum chamber, an optical system, a composite target, a magnet for generating a focusing magnetic field, a beam detector and an electron spectrometer, the composite target, the focusing magnetic field, the beam detector and the electron spectrometer are all arranged in the vacuum chamber; the composite target is T-shaped and comprises a target I and a target II which are perpendicular to each other; the femtosecond laser generating device is used for generating femtosecond laser, the femtosecond laser is emitted into the optical system to obtain modulated femtosecond laser, the modulated femtosecond laser is firstly emitted into the composite target middle target I in parallel and then is vertically emitted into the target II, the femtosecond laser interacts with the composite target to obtain an accelerated electron beam, and the accelerated electron beam is emitted into the femtosecond laser. And after passing through the focusing magnetic field, the electron beam is sequentially emitted into a beam detector and an electron spectrometer to obtain an energy spectrum of the electron beam, so that ground simulation of electron radiation environments of different orbits in space can be realized.

A method for producing a membrane, the method comprising the steps of: producing a first membrane in a spinning step by extruding a spinning solution, wherein the solution comprises a solvent and a polymer composition dissolved or dispersed in the solvent, irradiating the first membrane in an irradiation step with electron radiation, resulting in the membrane, wherein the polymer composition comprises a hydrophilic polymer, and wherein the irradiation step is carried out with a dose of greater than or equal to 100 kGy.

A downhole tool is provided that includes radiation shielding using a material that is lighter, stronger, less expensive, and / or more commercially available than tungsten radiation shielding. Such a downhole tool may include an electronic radiation generator that emits photons through a source window located on an outer surface of the downhole tool. A detector may detect at least some of the photons through a detector window. Radiation shielding of the downhole tool may attenuate photons that travel from the electronic radiation generator toward the detector without passing through the detector window. The radiation shielding may include a material that has a density less than 10.5 g / cc and an element of atomic number greater than 40.