32 results about "Hydrogen partial pressure" patented technology

This invention relates to an alcohol conversion process using a homogeneous transition metal catalyst. In this process, the hydrogen partial pressure is maintained within a pressure range, can be increased, or hydrogen can be removed from the system. Hydrogen can also be used as an external additive.

The application belongs to the technical field of oriented silicon steel production and discloses an annealing method for improving the surface quality of oriented silicon steel, which comprises the following steps: decarburization annealing, nitriding annealing, high-temperature annealing and tensile flattening annealing, wherein the decarburization annealing section is divided into three sections according to the furnace length, the protective gas is non-uniformly introduced through segmented regulation and control, and a group of detection points are arranged in the furnace, so that the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio of any detection point in the furnace satisfies the formula: 0.096i-0.00353i 2 +0.02651≤P i ≤0.099i-0.00396i 2 +0.3, wherein i represents the number of the detection point, P i represents the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio measured by the detection point i. According to the application, the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio of different parts in the furnace during the decarburization annealing process is regulated and controlled to be distributed according to a specific rule, so that a suitable oxidation layer structure is formed, thereby reducing the generation of surface defects such as water marks and crystal dew on the surface of the finished oriented silicon steel.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pipeline welding, and particularly discloses a welding prediction method and device suitable for a new energy natural gas pipeline. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a load spectrum containing pressure fluctuation, temperature cycle and hydrogen partial pressure change; setting a target fatigue life threshold value; calculating a three-dimensional residual stress field through a thermal-mechanical coupling finite element model; the load spectrums are superposed, a critical plane method is combined with a Smith-Watson-Topper damage model to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, and a hydrogen environment correction factor is introduced to quantify the hydrogen influence; with the standard reaching of the fatigue life as the constraint, welding parameters are optimized through an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; and outputting the optimal parameters to a welding system. According to the method, the problem that traditional welding parameter design lacks dynamic load and hydrogen environment coupling prediction capacity is solved, reverse design for reversely deducing process parameters from service requirements is achieved, and the reliability of welding quality and process formulation efficiency are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a hexagonal scandium hydrogen compound and a preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a borane ammine complex as a solid hydrogen source, tabletting the borane ammine complex and elemental scandium through a mold, and stacking according to'hydrogen source-scandium-hydrogen source '; loading the assembly into a CVD diamond single crystal tube with holes, and carrying out secondary wrapping with NaCl to form a sealed reaction unit; carrying out segmented pressurization / depressurization in a cubic press, electrifying and segmented heating under the condition of 800-1200 DEG C, and carrying out pressure maintaining and cooling to complete synthesis; according to the method, local high hydrogen partial pressure is established under the action of moderate high pressure and double-layer sealing, external introduction of high-pressure hydrogen is avoided, and the equipment complexity and the safety risk are reduced; the product prepared by the invention is hexagonal-phase ScH3, can stably exist at normal temperature and normal pressure, and is different from cubic-phase ScH3 which can only be synthesized under an extreme high-pressure condition and cannot be kept stable after pressure relief, XRD and structure refinement are consistent with the standard, and the process can be repeated and amplified.

The application discloses a kind of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline steel pipe risk evaluation method, system and terminal, the weight of risk index is dynamically adjusted by weight adjustment function, i.e. the weight of failure possibility index and failure consequence index is adjusted from fixed value to dynamic value obtained according to hydrogen-doped ratio, pipe material and pipe operating pressure and other factors, and hydrogen-induced failure item is added when evaluating failure possibility. Fully consider the coupling of hydrogen and pipe material, pipe operating pressure and other factors, can evaluate the influence of hydrogen partial pressure on the risk of natural gas pipeline steel pipe. Compared with prior art, the risk of high-order high-pressure steel hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline is evaluated.

The invention provides a method and a system for improving the uniformity of a bottom layer of oriented silicon steel, and relates to the field of metal processing. The method comprises the following steps: measuring a current batch of silicon steel plates which are subjected to decarburization annealing and cooling to obtain the thicknesses of oxide layers on two surfaces of the silicon steel plates; judging whether the absolute value of the difference value of the thicknesses of the oxide layers of the two surfaces is smaller than a preset thickness difference threshold value or not; if the absolute value of the difference value is larger than or equal to a preset thickness difference threshold value, according to the relative size of the thicknesses of the oxide layers on the two surfaces, the two surfaces acting on the silicon steel plates in the subsequent batch are adjusted respectively; the part acting on the thicker surface of the oxide layer is smaller than the part acting on the thinner surface of the oxide layer; wherein the ratio is the ratio of the water vapor partial pressure to the hydrogen partial pressure; and the steps are repeated until the absolute value of the difference value is smaller than the preset thickness difference threshold value.

Disclosed herein are a steel material for a high-strength line pipe with high fracture toughness in hydrogen in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, a method for producing the steel material, a steel pipe for a high-strength line pipe, and a method for producing the steel pipe, suitable for a steel structure used in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, such as a line pipe for 100% hydrogen gas or a natural gas containing hydrogen at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or. The steel material for a high-strength line pipe with high fracture toughness in hydrogen has a specific composition and a specific microstructure, has a tensile strength of 520 MPa or more, and has a hydrogen-induced crack growth threshold KIH of 80 MPa·m1 / 2 or more in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment of 1 MPa or more.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal pyrolysis, and particularly discloses a stokehole coal topping method for a circulating fluidized bed boiler. The system of the method comprises the working procedures of catalytic pretreatment, hydrogen-rich pyrolysis, product separation, waste heat recovery, condensation refining, circulating regulation and control and the like. Wherein the composite catalyst adopts particles with a core-shell structure, the core layer is industrial waste residue, and the shell layer is mesoporous silica loaded with transition metal oxide. A hydrogen-rich reaction environment is established by controlling the ratio of hydrogen partial pressure to pyrolysis temperature, dividing wall heat exchange of high-temperature circulating ash is realized by utilizing a moving bed reactor, condensation separation of light tar is enhanced by adopting a supergravity environment, and a double-circulation system of process gas and light tar is established. According to the method, through multi-process collaborative optimization, accurate control over a coal pyrolysis reaction path is achieved, the selectivity of light tar is improved, gradient utilization of energy and cyclic efficiency improvement of materials are achieved at the same time, and the method has the advantages of being high in resource utilization rate and suitable for different coal types and boiler working conditions.

The present application relates to a kind of method and system for processing sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil, the method includes that sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil is contacted with catalyst in desulfurization reactor and carries out selective desulfurization reaction under the condition of hydrogen, and the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil after desulfurization and spent catalyst are obtained;Then the spent catalyst is directly contacted with hydrogen donor and carries out sulfur transfer reaction, and the sulfur transfered catalyst is obtained, and at least one of the sulfur transfered catalyst is returned to desulfurization reactor and carries out selective desulfurization reaction.The present application can realize the deep conversion and transfer of sulfide on catalyst by controlling the hydrogen partial pressure when spent catalyst is contacted with hydrogen donor and carries out sulfur transfer reaction higher than desulfurization reactor, restores the partial activity of spent catalyst, so that it can continue to participate in desulfurization reaction;At the same time, since the catalyst after sulfur transfer reaction is loaded with part of sulfur and carbon, the desulfurization selectivity increases, and the octane loss of desulfurization refined product is less.

[Problem] To provide a method and a device for obtaining the redox state of an aqueous solution as a hydrogen electrode potential. [Solution] The hydrogen electrode potential of an aqueous solution is defined using the Nernst equation. Comprises: a step for measuring the hydrogen partial pressure and temperature of a gas phase in an equilibrium state with an aqueous solution, and the pH of the aqueous solution; and a step of analyzing the hydrogen electrode potential on the basis of the measured antilogarithm pH 2 of the hydrogen partial pressure and the temperature and pH. For example, at room temperature of 25 DEG C (T = 298.15 K) and pH = 7.0, the hydrogen electrode potential can be determined from [number 32] and an approximation equation. When the pH is constant, the change in the hydrogen electrode potential of the aqueous solution can be determined from [number 33] and an approximation equation.

The invention discloses a photocatalytic hydrogen production interface reaction dynamic regulation and control method based on in-situ Raman spectrum-molecular dynamics coupling simulation, and relates to the technical field of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, building an in-situ Raman system containing a corrosion-resistant light-transmitting reaction tank, monitoring microscopic information such as lattice stress change and TiO2 crystal phase transformation caused by CdS photocorrosion in real time, and capturing characteristic peaks of intermediates such as. OH and the like and O-H bond vibration frequency deviation; constructing a molecular dynamics model containing water molecules on the surface of the catalyst and adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst in combination with spectral data, and obtaining the influence of an IrRu monatomic site on water orientation, M-H bond length evolution and other atomic scale mechanisms through de novo calculation simulation; using a data fusion algorithm to correlate the spectral characteristic peak intensity with the simulation energy change, and locking the reaction speed step; finally, targeted regulation and control are performed, for example, a heterojunction is constructed to inhibit CdS light corrosion, the interlayer spacing of the layered catalyst is adjusted to strengthen charge separation, and the reaction temperature and hydrogen partial pressure are collaboratively optimized.

The present application relates to the technical field of basic organic chemical raw material preparation, and particularly relates to a production method of bio-based succinic acid. The method comprises the following steps: in the presence of a supported metal catalyst, C4 hydroxy diacid is reacted with hydrogen in an aqueous solution, the hydrogen partial pressure of the reaction is 0.2-4 MPa, the reaction temperature is 90-150 DEG C, and the reaction time is 1-20 h, so as to obtain the succinic acid; the metal in the supported metal catalyst comprises at least one of Pd, Pt, Ru, Ni and Cu, and the carrier of the supported metal catalyst is titanium oxide. The present application realizes low production cost in the reaction process, mild reaction condition, green environmental protection and high product yield.

A steel pipe with a good fatigue property in hydrogen, a method for producing the steel pipe, a steel material, and a method for producing the steel material. The steel pipe can be suitable for a steel structure used in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, such as a line pipe for 100% hydrogen gas or a natural gas containing hydrogen at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or more (natural gas is a gas containing hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, as main components). The steel pipe with a good fatigue property in hydrogen has a specific chemical composition and a specific microstructure and has a crack growth rate da / dN of 1.0×10−6 m·cycle−1 or less at a stress intensity factor range of 20 MPa √m in hydrogen of 1 MPa or more.

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical materials, in particular to a supported metallocene catalyst for polyethylene wax synthesis and a preparation method and application thereof. The supported metallocene catalyst comprises a carrier, a main catalyst and a cocatalyst, the main catalyst comprises a metallocene compound with a structure shown in a general formula (I), R1, R3 and R4 are independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl groups, R2 and R5 are independently selected from C6-C13 aryl groups, Ln is selected from rare earth metal, and X is selected from halogen; the cocatalyst is alkyl aluminum of C1-C12 or alkyl aluminoxane; the carrier is selected from silica gel. The metallocene compound with the specific structure is used as a main catalyst and then is cooperated with a cocatalyst to be loaded on a silica gel carrier, and the formed loaded metallocene catalyst has good stability to hydrogen, high ethylene absorption rate, high polymerization activity and good catalytic activity. And the low molecular weight polyethylene wax with narrow molecular weight distribution can be prepared at low hydrogen partial pressure.

The application relates to the technical field of chemical materials, in particular to a supported metallocene catalyst for polyethylene wax synthesis and a preparation method and application thereof. The supported metallocene catalyst comprises a carrier, a main catalyst and a cocatalyst; the main catalyst comprises a metallocene compound with the structure shown in the general formula (I), wherein R1, R3 and R4 are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, R2 and R5 are each independently selected from C6-C13 aromatic group, Ln is selected from rare earth metal, and X is selected from halogen; the cocatalyst is C1-C12 alkyl aluminum or alkyl aluminum oxyalkane; and the carrier is selected from silica gel. The supported metallocene catalyst formed by loading the above metallocene compound with a specific structure as the main catalyst and the cocatalyst on the silica gel carrier has good stability to hydrogen and shows high ethylene absorption rate, high polymerization activity, and can be used to prepare low molecular weight polyethylene wax with narrow molecular weight distribution under low hydrogen partial pressure.

The invention provides a method for preparing cyclopentene through selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene. The method has the main characteristics that a multi-stage reaction system is adopted, graded feeding and graded hydrogenation are performed, the feeding composition can be flexibly adjusted, the reaction hydrogenation depth is controlled, and the yield of cyclopentene is effectively improved. The process has the advantages that each stage of reactor respectively adopts proper feeding composition and reaction conditions, the hydrogenation depth of each stage is respectively adjusted, the hydrogen partial pressure of the system is flexibly adjusted, the reduction of conversion rate and selectivity caused by excessive hydrogenation, out-of-control reaction bed temperature and material evaporation and escape can be avoided, and the continuous and stable operation of the device is ensured; higher cyclopentadiene feeding concentration can be selected, so that the operation cost is reduced, and the process economy is improved; and a multi-stage feeding system is adopted, so that the product types are flexibly adjusted, and the optimal matching of the product types and market requirements is easy to realize.

The application belongs to the field of semiconductors and particularly relates to an epitaxial growth method of a high-In-content nitride semiconductor, wherein temperature, V / III ratio, ammonia flow and hydrogen partial pressure are controlled during multi-quantum well growth, and specifically comprising: in the quantum well layer growth stage: temperature is controlled to be 680-720 DEG C, the carrier gas is N2 or Ar, and NH3 flow is controlled to be 50-70 micromole / min; in the barrier layer growth stage: the temperature is gradually increased to 880-910 DEG C, the NH3 flow is gradually reduced to 20-40 micromole / min, the V / III ratio is gradually reduced to 8*10 3 Hereinafter, 10-30 vol% H2 is introduced into the carrier gas. The method can realize high-quality epitaxial growth of high-In-content long-wavelength materials by constructing an "NH3 dilution-H2 activation" window and a multi-parameter dynamic feedback mechanism.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal chemical industry, and discloses a method for preparing lubricant base oil from Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out a first-stage reaction, a second-stage reaction and a third-stage reaction on the Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil and hydrogen in sequence, and rectifying the reacted material, the first-stage reaction is carried out in the presence of a first hydroisomerization catalyst, and the second-stage reaction is carried out in the presence of a second hydroisomerization catalyst; the total acid amount of the first hydroisomerization catalyst is larger than that of the second hydroisomerization catalyst, and the specific surface area and pore volume of the first hydroisomerization catalyst are smaller than those of the second hydroisomerization catalyst; the temperature of the first-stage reaction is less than or equal to the temperature of the second-stage reaction, and the hydrogen partial pressure of the first-stage reaction is less than or equal to the hydrogen partial pressure of the second-stage reaction. According to the method, the Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil full fraction can be applied, and it can be guaranteed that the prepared lubricating oil base oil has excellent quality.

The invention relates to a method for operating a hydrogen subsystem (110) of a fuel cell system (100), which is designed as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. The method comprises reading sensor signals (105) via an interface (121) from sensor devices (101, 102, 103) of the fuel cell system (100). The sensor signals (105) represent current measured values ​​of physicochemical operating conditions of the fuel cell system (100). The method comprises applying an operating procedure (123) to the measured values ​​in order to determine target operating parameters (125) of the hydrogen subsystem (110). The operating procedure (123) includes boundary conditions determined for the hydrogen subsystem (110), which include a minimum hydrogen partial pressure at an anode outlet, a minimum gas velocity in the region of a flow field of an anode, a minimum anode pressure, and a maximum anode pressure.The method comprises generating a control signal (127) using the specified target operating parameters (125). The control signal (127) includes setpoint values ​​for manipulated variables that can be adjusted by means of actuators (112, 114) of the hydrogen subsystem (110) depending on the target operating parameters (125). The method comprises providing the control signal (127) for output via an interface (121) to the actuators (112, 114) in order to operate the hydrogen subsystem (110).

This invention discloses a method for preparing high-purity germanium single crystals without vacancy groups, relating to the field of defect control technology for high-purity semiconductor single crystals. The steps include: S1 Furnace pretreatment: The Czochralski furnace is evacuated to ≤1×10⁻⁶. ‑3 Pa: High-purity hydrogen gas (9N purity) is introduced, pressurized to 0.12–0.15 MPa, and baked at 900℃ for 2–4 hours. S2: High-purity germanium polycrystalline raw material is charged into the pretreated Czochralski furnace, maintaining a hydrogen pressure of 0.12–0.15 MPa, heated to 945–950℃ and melted at a constant temperature for 40–60 minutes to form a supersaturated hydrogen melt. This invention utilizes a moderately supersaturated hydrogen partial pressure to increase the hydrogen concentration in the melt and lattice, allowing hydrogen atoms to fill lattice vacancies in situ and suppressing vacancy cluster formation. Combined with in-situ pressure-holding annealing after growth, vacancy clusters are further dissociated. This invention can control the vacancy cluster concentration to 1×10⁻⁶. 9 cm ‑3 The following steps reduce the V2H deep-level defect concentration.

The application belongs to the technical field of pipeline welding, and specifically discloses a welding prediction method and device suitable for new energy natural gas pipelines. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a load spectrum containing pressure fluctuation, temperature cycle and hydrogen partial pressure change; setting a target fatigue life threshold; calculating a three-dimensional residual stress field through a thermal-mechanical coupling finite element model; superimposing the load spectrum and calculating the fatigue crack initiation life by using the critical plane method combined with the Smith-Watson-Topper damage model, and introducing a hydrogen environment correction factor to quantify the influence of hydrogen; taking the standard fatigue life as a constraint, optimizing the welding parameters by using an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; and outputting the optimal parameters to a welding system. The application solves the problem that the traditional welding parameter design lacks dynamic load and hydrogen environment coupling prediction ability, realizes reverse design of process parameters from service requirements, and significantly improves the reliability of welding quality and the efficiency of process development.

The invention discloses a portable electrochemical hydrogen meter, a calibration method, a measurement method and a software system. The portable electrochemical hydrogen meter comprises a standard hydrogen partial pressure generation module, an electrochemical sensing module, a flow path switching module and a control and operation module. The standard hydrogen partial pressure generation module is used for outputting at least two hydrogen partial pressures, the flow path switching module is connected with the flow cell, and the control and operation module is in communication connection with the standard hydrogen partial pressure generation module, the electrochemical sensing module and the flow path switching module. In the calibration state, the control and operation module establishes the corresponding relation between the dissolved hydrogen concentration and the electric signal according to the at least two hydrogen partial pressures and the corresponding current signals; and in the measuring state, the portable electrochemical hydrogen meter outputs the dissolved hydrogen concentration value of the measured liquid based on the corresponding relation and the real-time temperature signal. The device provided by the invention is portable, and can immediately give out legal and effective dissolved hydrogen concentration on a nuclear power site.

The application relates to a high-temperature-resistant composite neutron moderator material and a manufacturing method thereof, and belongs to the nuclear power field. The manufacturing method of the high-temperature-resistant composite neutron moderator material comprises the following steps: determining the hydrogen partial pressure of a metal hydride at a working temperature, establishing a moderator material particle model comprising a metal hydride core, a buffer layer and a SiC sealing layer and calculating the stress borne by the SiC sealing layer at the working temperature; calculating the allowable stress of the SiC sealing layer at the working temperature and adjusting the moderator material particle model according to the allowable stress to obtain a corrected moderator material particle model; and manufacturing a high-temperature-resistant composite neutron moderator material finished product based on the corrected moderator material particle model. The method can be used for manufacturing a neutron moderator material with good stability and reliability at a high temperature, and improves the safety and reliability of a commercial nuclear power plant reactor.

The invention belongs to the technical field of optical fiber gas sensing, and relates to a micro-mirror type optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on gradient tantalum-ruthenium alloy and a manufacturing method of the micro-mirror type optical fiber hydrogen sensor. The sensor comprises an optical fiber base body, a titanium adhesion layer arranged on the end face of the optical fiber base body, a partitioned tantalum-ruthenium alloy sensing layer arranged on the titanium adhesion layer, a catalytic covering layer arranged on the partitioned tantalum-ruthenium alloy sensing layer and a polymer protection layer arranged on the catalytic covering layer. The partitioned tantalum-ruthenium alloy sensing layer comprises at least three independent regions, and ruthenium atom content gamma values of the independent regions are different, so that wide-range hydrogen detection is realized. The tantalum-ruthenium alloy sensing layer, the titanium adhesion layer, the catalytic covering layer and the polymer protection layer are integrated on the end face of the optical fiber, the ultra-wide detection range of hydrogen partial pressure from 10 <-1 > Pa to 106 Pa is achieved, seven orders of magnitudes are spanned, the response time is smaller than or equal to 30 s, the detection limit reaches 0.1 Pa, the measurement accuracy and repeatability are ensured, and the application range is wide. And the problem of high-concentration saturation or film cracking of a traditional Pd-based sensor is avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of food, in particular to a manufacturing method and packaging of a fish oil medicine containing hydrogen molecules, and the manufacturing method comprises the following steps: placing an initial fish oil soft capsule at hydrogen partial pressure gt; placing in a sealed container for gt under the pressure of 0.1 MPa; 5 minutes; the package of the fish oil medicine comprises a bottom piece and a back cover, the bottom piece is further provided with medicine outlet holes and bubble caps, one or more fish oil medicine is placed in each bubble cap, the fish oil medicine containing the hydrogen molecules and the package of the fish oil medicine are easy to manufacture and low in cost, and the preservation time of the fish oil medicine can be effectively prolonged.

The invention discloses a method for preparing vanadium trioxide by utilizing a vanadate solution, which comprises the following steps: firstly, adding the vanadate solution into a high-pressure kettle, adjusting the pH value to 0-4, carrying out reduction reaction under the conditions of high temperature and hydrogen partial pressure to obtain vanadium precipitation slag, then roasting the vanadium precipitation slag in a reducing atmosphere to obtain vanadium roasting slag, and finally roasting the vanadium roasting slag to obtain vanadium trioxide. And the vanadium roasting slag is subjected to water leaching, solid-liquid separation and drying, and vanadium trioxide is obtained. According to the method, two-step reduction of wet precipitation and pyrogenic roasting is adopted, the problem that in the prior art, an expensive catalyst (such as PdCl2) needs to be added for reducing precipitation in a wet autoclave to improve the reducibility and efficiency of reducing gas is solved, and the production cost can be greatly reduced; the pyrogenic process roasting reduction reaction rate is high, the efficiency is greatly improved, and the vanadium trioxide product with high purity can be obtained only through simple water leaching of the vanadium slag obtained through roasting.

The application provides a method and device for determining hydrogen damage sensitivity of a material and a storage medium, and relates to the field of material science and engineering. The method comprises: obtaining a first parameter value of a first parameter of a target material under a target hydrogen partial pressure environment; wherein the first parameter is used to measure the hydrogen diffusion of the target material under the target hydrogen partial pressure environment; determining a second parameter value of a second parameter of the target material based on the first parameter value; wherein the second parameter is used to measure the fracture toughness of the target material under hydrogen damage caused by hydrogen diffusion; and determining the hydrogen damage sensitivity of the target material based on the first parameter value and the second parameter value. The method combines the hydrogen diffusion parameter of the reaction microscopic hydrogen transport mechanism and the fracture toughness parameter of the reaction macroscopic mechanical property, and realizes multi-dimensional evaluation of the hydrogen damage sensitivity.

This invention belongs to the field of grain-oriented silicon steel production technology and discloses a production method for ultra-wide grain-oriented silicon steel with a good underlying layer. The process includes: smelting and continuous casting → hot rolling, pickling and normalizing and cold rolling → decarburizing annealing → nitriding annealing → high-temperature annealing → stretching and leveling annealing. The decarburizing annealing section is divided into three sections according to the furnace length, and the protective gas is introduced in each section. Simultaneously, a set of detection points are arranged inside the furnace. Through segmented control, the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio at any detection point in the furnace satisfies the formula: 0.00988 + 0.03892X - 0.01471X. 2 +0.00188X 3 -0.00005771X 4 ≤P X ≤0.05886‑0.02949X+0.01341X 2 -0.00048X 3 In the formula, X represents the detection point number, P X This indicates the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio measured at detection point X. This invention reduces the generation of watermark defects on the surface of steel coils by optimizing the decarburization annealing and high-temperature annealing processes.

Provided herein is a steel material with a good fatigue property in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, which is suitable for a steel structure used in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, such as a line pipe for 100% hydrogen gas or a natural gas containing hydrogen at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or more (natural gas is a gas containing hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, as main components), a method for producing the steel material, a steel pipe, and a method for producing the steel pipe. The steel material with a good fatigue property in hydrogen has a specific chemical composition and a specific microstructure and has a crack growth rate da / dN of 1.0×10−6 m·cycle−1 or less at a stress intensity factor of 20 MPa √m in hydrogen of 1 MPa or more.

The invention relates to a method for operating a hydrogen subsystem (110) of a fuel cell system (100), which is designed as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. The method comprises reading in sensor signals (105) via an interface (121) of sensor devices (101, 102, 103) of the fuel cell system (100). The sensor signals (105) represent present measured values of physicochemical operating conditions of the fuel cell system (100). The method comprises applying an operating specification (123) to the measured values in order to determine target operating variables (125) of the hydrogen subsystem (110). The operating specification (123) comprises constraints ascertained for the hydrogen subsystem (110), the constraints comprising a minimum hydrogen partial pressure at an anode outlet, a minimum gas velocity in the region of a flow field of an anode, a minimum anode pressure and a maximum anode pressure. The method comprises generating a control signal (127) using the determined target operating variables (125). The control signal (127) comprises predefined values for manipulated variables which can be set by means of actuating devices (112, 114) of the hydrogen subsystem (110) depending on the target operating variables (125). The method comprises providing the control signal (127) for output via an interface (121) to the actuating devices (112, 114) in order to operate the hydrogen subsystem (110).