50 results about "Hydrogen partial pressure" patented technology

This invention relates to an alcohol conversion process using a homogeneous transition metal catalyst. In this process, the hydrogen partial pressure is maintained within a pressure range, can be increased, or hydrogen can be removed from the system. Hydrogen can also be used as an external additive.

The present invention belongs to the field of catalyst technology, and specifically discloses an organic hydrogen transfer aid for propane dehydrogenation and a synthesis method thereof. The preparation method described in the present invention is to first coat the surface of a quinone material (L) with a layer of SiO2, and then perform a hydrothermal crystallization treatment to form an S-1 molecular sieve shell to obtain an L@S-1 material. Through the confinement of the molecular sieve pores, the quinone material can realize a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycle at a higher reaction temperature. When the material is used in combination with a noble metal propane dehydrogenation catalyst, a series reaction of propane dehydrogenation and hydrogenation of the quinone material is realized, the hydrogen partial pressure of the propane dehydrogenation process is reduced, and the thermodynamic equilibrium limit is broken through, thereby realizing a propane dehydrogenation reaction at a lower reaction temperature. The reduction in reaction temperature will bring about advantages such as reduced energy consumption and increased catalyst stability.

The application belongs to the technical field of oriented silicon steel production and discloses an annealing method for improving the surface quality of oriented silicon steel, which comprises the following steps: decarburization annealing, nitriding annealing, high-temperature annealing and tensile flattening annealing, wherein the decarburization annealing section is divided into three sections according to the furnace length, the protective gas is non-uniformly introduced through segmented regulation and control, and a group of detection points are arranged in the furnace, so that the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio of any detection point in the furnace satisfies the formula: 0.096i-0.00353i 2 +0.02651≤P i ≤0.099i-0.00396i 2 +0.3, wherein i represents the number of the detection point, P i represents the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio measured by the detection point i. According to the application, the water-hydrogen partial pressure ratio of different parts in the furnace during the decarburization annealing process is regulated and controlled to be distributed according to a specific rule, so that a suitable oxidation layer structure is formed, thereby reducing the generation of surface defects such as water marks and crystal dew on the surface of the finished oriented silicon steel.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pipeline welding, and particularly discloses a welding prediction method and device suitable for a new energy natural gas pipeline. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a load spectrum containing pressure fluctuation, temperature cycle and hydrogen partial pressure change; setting a target fatigue life threshold value; calculating a three-dimensional residual stress field through a thermal-mechanical coupling finite element model; the load spectrums are superposed, a critical plane method is combined with a Smith-Watson-Topper damage model to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, and a hydrogen environment correction factor is introduced to quantify the hydrogen influence; with the standard reaching of the fatigue life as the constraint, welding parameters are optimized through an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; and outputting the optimal parameters to a welding system. According to the method, the problem that traditional welding parameter design lacks dynamic load and hydrogen environment coupling prediction capacity is solved, reverse design for reversely deducing process parameters from service requirements is achieved, and the reliability of welding quality and process formulation efficiency are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a hexagonal scandium hydrogen compound and a preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a borane ammine complex as a solid hydrogen source, tabletting the borane ammine complex and elemental scandium through a mold, and stacking according to'hydrogen source-scandium-hydrogen source '; loading the assembly into a CVD diamond single crystal tube with holes, and carrying out secondary wrapping with NaCl to form a sealed reaction unit; carrying out segmented pressurization / depressurization in a cubic press, electrifying and segmented heating under the condition of 800-1200 DEG C, and carrying out pressure maintaining and cooling to complete synthesis; according to the method, local high hydrogen partial pressure is established under the action of moderate high pressure and double-layer sealing, external introduction of high-pressure hydrogen is avoided, and the equipment complexity and the safety risk are reduced; the product prepared by the invention is hexagonal-phase ScH3, can stably exist at normal temperature and normal pressure, and is different from cubic-phase ScH3 which can only be synthesized under an extreme high-pressure condition and cannot be kept stable after pressure relief, XRD and structure refinement are consistent with the standard, and the process can be repeated and amplified.

The application discloses a kind of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline steel pipe risk evaluation method, system and terminal, the weight of risk index is dynamically adjusted by weight adjustment function, i.e. the weight of failure possibility index and failure consequence index is adjusted from fixed value to dynamic value obtained according to hydrogen-doped ratio, pipe material and pipe operating pressure and other factors, and hydrogen-induced failure item is added when evaluating failure possibility. Fully consider the coupling of hydrogen and pipe material, pipe operating pressure and other factors, can evaluate the influence of hydrogen partial pressure on the risk of natural gas pipeline steel pipe. Compared with prior art, the risk of high-order high-pressure steel hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline is evaluated.

The present application belongs to the technical field of biomass conversion and synthetic fuel, and relates to a method and system for preparing aviation kerosene by coupling green hydrogen and biomass gasification. The method comprises: preparing green hydrogen by electrolyzing water, and byproduct oxygen is used for biomass oxygen-enriched gasification; biomass is gasified in a fluidized bed at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.5-1 MPa and a temperature of 800-1000 DEG C to prepare syngas; the syngas is mixed with electrolytic hydrogen after pressure swing adsorption, methanol solution contact, low-temperature filtration and pressure reduction purification; the volume fraction of the feed hydrogen is stabilized at 70%-80% through online analysis and closed-loop control; crude oil is synthesized in a Fischer-Tropsch system taking methanol as a medium and carrier and oxalic acid as an adjusting agent; aviation kerosene fraction is obtained through rectification, and the heavy component is subjected to hydrocracking / isomerization by using a Pt-based catalyst. The present application effectively improves the stability of the feed hydrogen partial pressure and the product yield, and ensures the consistent quality of the aviation kerosene.

The invention provides a method and a system for improving the uniformity of a bottom layer of oriented silicon steel, and relates to the field of metal processing. The method comprises the following steps: measuring a current batch of silicon steel plates which are subjected to decarburization annealing and cooling to obtain the thicknesses of oxide layers on two surfaces of the silicon steel plates; judging whether the absolute value of the difference value of the thicknesses of the oxide layers of the two surfaces is smaller than a preset thickness difference threshold value or not; if the absolute value of the difference value is larger than or equal to a preset thickness difference threshold value, according to the relative size of the thicknesses of the oxide layers on the two surfaces, the two surfaces acting on the silicon steel plates in the subsequent batch are adjusted respectively; the part acting on the thicker surface of the oxide layer is smaller than the part acting on the thinner surface of the oxide layer; wherein the ratio is the ratio of the water vapor partial pressure to the hydrogen partial pressure; and the steps are repeated until the absolute value of the difference value is smaller than the preset thickness difference threshold value.

The invention discloses an MEC reactor for promoting sludge deamination and strengthening anaerobic digestion capability by coupling oxides, and relates to the field of anaerobic digestion treatment of sludge in a sewage treatment plant and resource utilization of biogas, the MEC reactor comprises an MEC reactor, an oxidation-reduction potential detection device, a hydrogen detection device, a PLC control module and an oxide adding device; the oxide adding device takes air as an oxide, the air is converted into micro-nano bubbles through a microporous aerator, and ammonia nitrogen is oxidized into nitrate nitrogen; oRP and hydrogen partial pressure in the MEC reactor are monitored in real time through the oxidation-reduction potential detection device and the hydrogen detection device respectively and transmitted to the PLC control module, and the ORP and the hydrogen partial pressure in the MEC reactor main body are intelligently and accurately controlled according to a negative feedback regulation mechanism. The MEC reactor disclosed by the invention relieves the inhibition effect of partial pressure of ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen on methanogens while deaminizing the sludge, improves the biogas yield and strengthens the anaerobic digestion capability of the MEC reactor.

Disclosed herein are a steel material for a high-strength line pipe with high fracture toughness in hydrogen in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, a method for producing the steel material, a steel pipe for a high-strength line pipe, and a method for producing the steel pipe, suitable for a steel structure used in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, such as a line pipe for 100% hydrogen gas or a natural gas containing hydrogen at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or. The steel material for a high-strength line pipe with high fracture toughness in hydrogen has a specific composition and a specific microstructure, has a tensile strength of 520 MPa or more, and has a hydrogen-induced crack growth threshold KIH of 80 MPa·m1 / 2 or more in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment of 1 MPa or more.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal pyrolysis, and particularly discloses a stokehole coal topping method for a circulating fluidized bed boiler. The system of the method comprises the working procedures of catalytic pretreatment, hydrogen-rich pyrolysis, product separation, waste heat recovery, condensation refining, circulating regulation and control and the like. Wherein the composite catalyst adopts particles with a core-shell structure, the core layer is industrial waste residue, and the shell layer is mesoporous silica loaded with transition metal oxide. A hydrogen-rich reaction environment is established by controlling the ratio of hydrogen partial pressure to pyrolysis temperature, dividing wall heat exchange of high-temperature circulating ash is realized by utilizing a moving bed reactor, condensation separation of light tar is enhanced by adopting a supergravity environment, and a double-circulation system of process gas and light tar is established. According to the method, through multi-process collaborative optimization, accurate control over a coal pyrolysis reaction path is achieved, the selectivity of light tar is improved, gradient utilization of energy and cyclic efficiency improvement of materials are achieved at the same time, and the method has the advantages of being high in resource utilization rate and suitable for different coal types and boiler working conditions.

The present application relates to a kind of method and system for processing sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil, the method includes that sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil is contacted with catalyst in desulfurization reactor and carries out selective desulfurization reaction under the condition of hydrogen, and the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oil after desulfurization and spent catalyst are obtained;Then the spent catalyst is directly contacted with hydrogen donor and carries out sulfur transfer reaction, and the sulfur transfered catalyst is obtained, and at least one of the sulfur transfered catalyst is returned to desulfurization reactor and carries out selective desulfurization reaction.The present application can realize the deep conversion and transfer of sulfide on catalyst by controlling the hydrogen partial pressure when spent catalyst is contacted with hydrogen donor and carries out sulfur transfer reaction higher than desulfurization reactor, restores the partial activity of spent catalyst, so that it can continue to participate in desulfurization reaction;At the same time, since the catalyst after sulfur transfer reaction is loaded with part of sulfur and carbon, the desulfurization selectivity increases, and the octane loss of desulfurization refined product is less.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of hydrogen production by cracking, and in particular, relates to an ammonia combustion-driven ammonia cracking hydrogen production system and its application in a cascade cracking process. The design of the ammonia combustion-driven ammonia cracking hydrogen production system is based on the characteristics of the ammonia cracking reaction. During the ammonia cracking process, two crackers are provided, and hydrogen and nitrogen are separated before entering the second cracker to reduce the hydrogen partial pressure, improve the ammonia cracking efficiency, and increase hydrogen production. This accelerates the cracking reaction and reduces the investment in cracking equipment. At the same time, the system uses a mixture of ammonia and air as the combustion source, effectively reducing fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions. The intermediate heat exchanger is used to effectively preheat the combustion source and the ammonia to be cracked, thereby improving the system's thermal efficiency and ammonia cracking rate.

[Problem] To provide a method and a device for obtaining the redox state of an aqueous solution as a hydrogen electrode potential. [Solution] The hydrogen electrode potential of an aqueous solution is defined using the Nernst equation. Comprises: a step for measuring the hydrogen partial pressure and temperature of a gas phase in an equilibrium state with an aqueous solution, and the pH of the aqueous solution; and a step of analyzing the hydrogen electrode potential on the basis of the measured antilogarithm pH 2 of the hydrogen partial pressure and the temperature and pH. For example, at room temperature of 25 DEG C (T = 298.15 K) and pH = 7.0, the hydrogen electrode potential can be determined from [number 32] and an approximation equation. When the pH is constant, the change in the hydrogen electrode potential of the aqueous solution can be determined from [number 33] and an approximation equation.

The invention belongs to the technical field of zirconium alloy materials, and relates to a zirconium alloy surface controllable plasma hydrogen permeation method and a hydrogen permeation piece. The hydrogen permeation method comprises the steps that hydrogen and argon mixed gas is introduced into a vacuum cavity and adjusted to set hydrogen partial pressure, pulse negative electricity bias voltage is applied to the surface of a sample to generate plasma after the temperature is increased, and hydrogen permeation is carried out on the surface of the sample; hydrogen ions accelerate to move towards a cathode workpiece under the action of an electric field so as to permeate into the material at a high speed; by regulating and controlling parameters such as hydrogen partial pressure, bias voltage, duty ratio, temperature and time and combining real-time monitoring current signals, accurate control over the hydrogen content and the hydride morphology is achieved; according to the method, quantitative, controllable and safe hydrogen permeation can be achieved, and the problems that an existing electrolytic hydrogen permeation method, an existing gas-phase hydrogen permeation method and an existing liquid-phase hydrogen permeation method are poor in control precision, low in efficiency and large in pollution are solved; the method has the advantages of simplicity and convenience in operation, good hydrogen permeation uniformity, high safety and the like.

The invention discloses a photocatalytic hydrogen production interface reaction dynamic regulation and control method based on in-situ Raman spectrum-molecular dynamics coupling simulation, and relates to the technical field of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, building an in-situ Raman system containing a corrosion-resistant light-transmitting reaction tank, monitoring microscopic information such as lattice stress change and TiO2 crystal phase transformation caused by CdS photocorrosion in real time, and capturing characteristic peaks of intermediates such as. OH and the like and O-H bond vibration frequency deviation; constructing a molecular dynamics model containing water molecules on the surface of the catalyst and adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst in combination with spectral data, and obtaining the influence of an IrRu monatomic site on water orientation, M-H bond length evolution and other atomic scale mechanisms through de novo calculation simulation; using a data fusion algorithm to correlate the spectral characteristic peak intensity with the simulation energy change, and locking the reaction speed step; finally, targeted regulation and control are performed, for example, a heterojunction is constructed to inhibit CdS light corrosion, the interlayer spacing of the layered catalyst is adjusted to strengthen charge separation, and the reaction temperature and hydrogen partial pressure are collaboratively optimized.

Systems and methods are provided to evaluate a middle distillate sample by determining the hydrogen partial pressure requirements in a reactor under design for processing a feedstock consisting of the middle distillate sample to achieve a target sulfur concentration of a target product stream and / or the cetane number in the target product stream.

The present application relates to the technical field of basic organic chemical raw material preparation, and particularly relates to a production method of bio-based succinic acid. The method comprises the following steps: in the presence of a supported metal catalyst, C4 hydroxy diacid is reacted with hydrogen in an aqueous solution, the hydrogen partial pressure of the reaction is 0.2-4 MPa, the reaction temperature is 90-150 DEG C, and the reaction time is 1-20 h, so as to obtain the succinic acid; the metal in the supported metal catalyst comprises at least one of Pd, Pt, Ru, Ni and Cu, and the carrier of the supported metal catalyst is titanium oxide. The present application realizes low production cost in the reaction process, mild reaction condition, green environmental protection and high product yield.

A steel pipe with a good fatigue property in hydrogen, a method for producing the steel pipe, a steel material, and a method for producing the steel material. The steel pipe can be suitable for a steel structure used in a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment, such as a line pipe for 100% hydrogen gas or a natural gas containing hydrogen at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or more (natural gas is a gas containing hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, as main components). The steel pipe with a good fatigue property in hydrogen has a specific chemical composition and a specific microstructure and has a crack growth rate da / dN of 1.0×10−6 m·cycle−1 or less at a stress intensity factor range of 20 MPa √m in hydrogen of 1 MPa or more.

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical materials, in particular to a supported metallocene catalyst for polyethylene wax synthesis and a preparation method and application thereof. The supported metallocene catalyst comprises a carrier, a main catalyst and a cocatalyst, the main catalyst comprises a metallocene compound with a structure shown in a general formula (I), R1, R3 and R4 are independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl groups, R2 and R5 are independently selected from C6-C13 aryl groups, Ln is selected from rare earth metal, and X is selected from halogen; the cocatalyst is alkyl aluminum of C1-C12 or alkyl aluminoxane; the carrier is selected from silica gel. The metallocene compound with the specific structure is used as a main catalyst and then is cooperated with a cocatalyst to be loaded on a silica gel carrier, and the formed loaded metallocene catalyst has good stability to hydrogen, high ethylene absorption rate, high polymerization activity and good catalytic activity. And the low molecular weight polyethylene wax with narrow molecular weight distribution can be prepared at low hydrogen partial pressure.

The invention discloses a petroleum hydrocarbon component directional conversion method based on biomass concerted catalysis, which comprises the following step: under the synergistic effect of a phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 molecular sieve and a platinum-based catalyst with a core-shell structure, the selectivity of C3-C4 olefins reaches 87.2% under the conditions that the temperature is 480-520 DEG C and the pressure is 0.1-0.3 MPa. According to the method, the catalyst performance is optimized by adopting processes such as segmented roasting and gradient etching, the reaction temperature and the hydrogen partial pressure are accurately regulated and controlled by combining a model predictive control system, and the coke generation amount is remarkably reduced by 32%. The biomass hydrogen transfer medium is obtained through alcoholysis pretreatment and can be mixed and reacted with petroleum hydrocarbon raw materials according to the carbon molar ratio of (2-4): 1. The catalyst adopts a layered filling and gradient regeneration strategy, the single-cycle life is prolonged to 240 hours, and the regeneration efficiency is improved by 40%. The method breaks through the high-temperature and high-pressure limitation of a traditional process, has the advantages of efficient catalysis and environmental protection, and is suitable for various raw material systems.

The application discloses a low-temperature high-efficiency anti-poisoning dehydrogenation palladium-based catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of palladium-based catalysts and natural gas helium extraction. The catalyst takes ultrasonic modification gamma-Al2O3 nitric acid as a carrier, loads Pd and a catalyst promoter, and forms Pd-M nanoclusters with a size of 3-5 nm through vacuum isometric impregnation and gradient activation processes. The conversion rate of the catalyst reaches 99.8% at 240 DEG C, the catalyst is resistant to H2S>1ppm and CO>50ppm, the activity retention rate of the catalyst is greater than 95% after continuous operation for 100 hours under high hydrogen partial pressure, and the helium recovery rate is greater than 99.3%. The application solves the problems of poor low-temperature activity, easy poisoning and insufficient stability of traditional palladium-based catalysts, and has remarkable industrial application value.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biomass conversion and synthetic fuel, and relates to a method and system for preparing aviation kerosene through gasification coupling of green hydrogen and biomass. The method comprises the following steps: electrolyzing water to prepare green hydrogen, and reusing a byproduct oxygen for biomass oxygen-enriched gasification; gasifying the biomass in a fluidized bed with the oxygen partial pressure of 0.5-1 MPa and the temperature of 800-1000 DEG C to prepare synthesis gas; the synthesis gas is mixed with electrolytic hydrogen after being subjected to pressure swing adsorption, methanol solution contact, low-temperature filtration and reduced-pressure purification, and the volume fraction of fed hydrogen is stabilized at 70%-80% through online analysis and closed-loop control; synthesizing crude oil in a Fischer-Tropsch system taking methanol as a medium and a carrier and oxalic acid as a regulator; rectifying to obtain an aviation kerosene fraction, and hydrocracking / isomerizing and recombining heavy components by adopting a Pt-based catalyst. According to the invention, the feeding hydrogen partial pressure stability and the product yield are effectively improved, and the quality consistency of aviation kerosene is ensured.

The utility model relates to the technical field of petrochemical engineering, in particular to a hydrogen energy recycling device which comprises a circulating hydrogen compressor, a membrane separation module and a liquid separation tank. The recycle hydrogen compressor is connected with the membrane separation module through a pipeline I, the membrane separation module is connected with the new hydrogen pipeline through a pipeline II, and the pipeline II is connected with the inlet end of the liquid separation tank; and a membrane separation crossover line is connected between the pipeline I and the pipeline II. According to the utility model, the bottleneck problem that the start-up progress is influenced due to too slow heating rate of the device caused by small system circulation volume at the start-up initial stage is solved; and secondly, once the circulating hydrogen compressor has a mechanical fault and cannot be quickly recovered in production, the device can be used for establishing gas phase circulation of a reaction system under normal hydrogen partial pressure, so that the difficulty in the emergency shutdown treatment process of the device is effectively solved.

The application relates to the technical field of chemical materials, in particular to a supported metallocene catalyst for polyethylene wax synthesis and a preparation method and application thereof. The supported metallocene catalyst comprises a carrier, a main catalyst and a cocatalyst; the main catalyst comprises a metallocene compound with the structure shown in the general formula (I), wherein R1, R3 and R4 are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, R2 and R5 are each independently selected from C6-C13 aromatic group, Ln is selected from rare earth metal, and X is selected from halogen; the cocatalyst is C1-C12 alkyl aluminum or alkyl aluminum oxyalkane; and the carrier is selected from silica gel. The supported metallocene catalyst formed by loading the above metallocene compound with a specific structure as the main catalyst and the cocatalyst on the silica gel carrier has good stability to hydrogen and shows high ethylene absorption rate, high polymerization activity, and can be used to prepare low molecular weight polyethylene wax with narrow molecular weight distribution under low hydrogen partial pressure.

The invention provides a method for preparing cyclopentene through selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene. The method has the main characteristics that a multi-stage reaction system is adopted, graded feeding and graded hydrogenation are performed, the feeding composition can be flexibly adjusted, the reaction hydrogenation depth is controlled, and the yield of cyclopentene is effectively improved. The process has the advantages that each stage of reactor respectively adopts proper feeding composition and reaction conditions, the hydrogenation depth of each stage is respectively adjusted, the hydrogen partial pressure of the system is flexibly adjusted, the reduction of conversion rate and selectivity caused by excessive hydrogenation, out-of-control reaction bed temperature and material evaporation and escape can be avoided, and the continuous and stable operation of the device is ensured; higher cyclopentadiene feeding concentration can be selected, so that the operation cost is reduced, and the process economy is improved; and a multi-stage feeding system is adopted, so that the product types are flexibly adjusted, and the optimal matching of the product types and market requirements is easy to realize.

The application belongs to the field of semiconductors and particularly relates to an epitaxial growth method of a high-In-content nitride semiconductor, wherein temperature, V / III ratio, ammonia flow and hydrogen partial pressure are controlled during multi-quantum well growth, and specifically comprising: in the quantum well layer growth stage: temperature is controlled to be 680-720 DEG C, the carrier gas is N2 or Ar, and NH3 flow is controlled to be 50-70 micromole / min; in the barrier layer growth stage: the temperature is gradually increased to 880-910 DEG C, the NH3 flow is gradually reduced to 20-40 micromole / min, the V / III ratio is gradually reduced to 8*10 3 Hereinafter, 10-30 vol% H2 is introduced into the carrier gas. The method can realize high-quality epitaxial growth of high-In-content long-wavelength materials by constructing an "NH3 dilution-H2 activation" window and a multi-parameter dynamic feedback mechanism.

The invention relates to the technical field of coal chemical industry, and discloses a method for preparing lubricant base oil from Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out a first-stage reaction, a second-stage reaction and a third-stage reaction on the Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil and hydrogen in sequence, and rectifying the reacted material, the first-stage reaction is carried out in the presence of a first hydroisomerization catalyst, and the second-stage reaction is carried out in the presence of a second hydroisomerization catalyst; the total acid amount of the first hydroisomerization catalyst is larger than that of the second hydroisomerization catalyst, and the specific surface area and pore volume of the first hydroisomerization catalyst are smaller than those of the second hydroisomerization catalyst; the temperature of the first-stage reaction is less than or equal to the temperature of the second-stage reaction, and the hydrogen partial pressure of the first-stage reaction is less than or equal to the hydrogen partial pressure of the second-stage reaction. According to the method, the Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation tail oil full fraction can be applied, and it can be guaranteed that the prepared lubricating oil base oil has excellent quality.

The invention relates to a method for operating a hydrogen subsystem (110) of a fuel cell system (100), which is designed as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. The method comprises reading sensor signals (105) via an interface (121) from sensor devices (101, 102, 103) of the fuel cell system (100). The sensor signals (105) represent current measured values ​​of physicochemical operating conditions of the fuel cell system (100). The method comprises applying an operating procedure (123) to the measured values ​​in order to determine target operating parameters (125) of the hydrogen subsystem (110). The operating procedure (123) includes boundary conditions determined for the hydrogen subsystem (110), which include a minimum hydrogen partial pressure at an anode outlet, a minimum gas velocity in the region of a flow field of an anode, a minimum anode pressure, and a maximum anode pressure.The method comprises generating a control signal (127) using the specified target operating parameters (125). The control signal (127) includes setpoint values ​​for manipulated variables that can be adjusted by means of actuators (112, 114) of the hydrogen subsystem (110) depending on the target operating parameters (125). The method comprises providing the control signal (127) for output via an interface (121) to the actuators (112, 114) in order to operate the hydrogen subsystem (110).

This invention discloses a method for preparing high-purity germanium single crystals without vacancy groups, relating to the field of defect control technology for high-purity semiconductor single crystals. The steps include: S1 Furnace pretreatment: The Czochralski furnace is evacuated to ≤1×10⁻⁶. ‑3 Pa: High-purity hydrogen gas (9N purity) is introduced, pressurized to 0.12–0.15 MPa, and baked at 900℃ for 2–4 hours. S2: High-purity germanium polycrystalline raw material is charged into the pretreated Czochralski furnace, maintaining a hydrogen pressure of 0.12–0.15 MPa, heated to 945–950℃ and melted at a constant temperature for 40–60 minutes to form a supersaturated hydrogen melt. This invention utilizes a moderately supersaturated hydrogen partial pressure to increase the hydrogen concentration in the melt and lattice, allowing hydrogen atoms to fill lattice vacancies in situ and suppressing vacancy cluster formation. Combined with in-situ pressure-holding annealing after growth, vacancy clusters are further dissociated. This invention can control the vacancy cluster concentration to 1×10⁻⁶. 9 cm ‑3 The following steps reduce the V2H deep-level defect concentration.