64 results about "Radiation response" patented technology

The invention discloses an in-orbit radiometric calibration method of an optical satellite camera based on multi-linear ground features, and belongs to the technical field of optical remote sensing. According to the method, multi-linear ground objects such as multiple gray scale targets with different reflectivity or multiple reflection point sources with different brightness levels are used as detection references, and the reflectivity of the ground objects, the atmospheric optical thickness and the diffuse radiation / total radiation ratio are measured on site. And separating the linear ground object reflection radiation response from the atmospheric path radiation and earth-gas coupling radiation response by utilizing linear regression calculation, thereby realizing the on-orbit radiation calibration of the optical satellite camera. According to the in-orbit radiometric calibration method, ground actual measurement data is used as a main part, aerosol scattering hypothesis in radiation transmission calculation is replaced, the influence of factors such as an aerosol model and an atmospheric mode on in-orbit calibration is reduced, the calibration process is simplified, the in-orbit radiometric calibration precision is improved, optical satellite camera response linear and dynamic range detection is achieved, and the in-orbit radiometric calibration accuracy is improved. And high-precision, high-frequency and full-dynamic-range business mobile calibration can be realized.

The invention discloses a radiation calibration method and system for a spectral imaging device, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a radiation response model of a pixel of the spectral imaging device, enabling target light to change in a spectral dimension and a radiation dimension, obtaining the spectral radiance data of the target light and the response data of the pixel of the spectral imaging device under the target light with different spectrums or / and radiance, and obtaining the spectral radiance data of the target light and the response data of the pixel of the spectral imaging device. According to the spectral radiance data, obtaining an equivalent radiance value of the multi-band light received by the pixel, and then according to the equivalent radiance value of the multi-band light received by the pixel and response data of the pixel, obtaining a radiation response coefficient value; and obtaining a radiation response model for describing the relation between the response value of the pixel and the radiance of the light of multiple wavebands received by the pixel. The radiation calibration of the spectral imaging device for coupling the spectral information and the spatial information is realized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of infrared signals, and discloses an infrared target full-life-cycle end-to-end detection efficiency evaluation method, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, building detection scenes such as a target, a detection platform, a load and the sun, including elements such as a target full-process motion trail, a satellite orbit and observation geometry; performing conversion from a target coordinate system to a load image coordinate in a detection scene to realize sub-pixel-level target geometric simulation; constructing a finite element three-dimensional model of the target, calculating an instantaneous equilibrium temperature field of the target, and calculating full life cycle radiation characteristics of the target according to data such as the temperature field and the projection area; obtaining an infrared target and background gray scale through an infrared load radiation response model, and forming a detection image sequence; and finally, evaluating the dynamic detection efficiency according to the target gray value of the image end and the signal-to-noise ratio of the noise. The method can comprehensively and accurately describe the dynamic process of the detection efficiency of the infrared load on the dark and weak target along with time and scene changes, and is suitable for the fields of spaceflight and aviation.

The invention discloses a neutron-gamma mixed radiation screening method based on a radiation response signal. The neutron-gamma mixed radiation screening method depends on a nano-coating CMOS sensor neutron measurement system. The neutron measurement system of the nano-coating CMOS sensor comprises a detector, the detector comprises a CMOS sensor; a LiF thin film is attached to the light-sensitive surface of the CMOS sensor; the method comprises the following steps that a part of neutrons enable the CMOS sensor to generate a radiation response signal A; the other part of neutrons and 6Li are subjected to nuclear reaction to generate alpha rays and tritium ions, so that the CMOS sensor respectively generates a radiation response signal B and a radiation response signal C; the gamma ray enables the CMOS sensor to generate a radiation response signal D; and according to the difference of the four radiation response signals in morphology and / or gray values, discriminating the neutron-gamma mixed radiation field. The detector formed by combining the LiF film and the CMOS sensor is used for discriminating a neutron-gamma mixed radiation field and can be used for monitoring nuclear leakage of a reactor.

The invention discloses an online monitoring system and method for the radiation status of a radioactive material storage container, and relates to the technical field of nuclear radiation monitoring. The online monitoring system for the radiation status of a radioactive material storage container comprises a detector, an FPGA chip, a communication module, a server and a user terminal; the detector is used to output a pixel matrix containing a radiation response signal and the position information of a target storage container; the FPGA chip is used to characterize the pixel matrix output by the detector as the radiation dose rate of the radioactive material; the server is used to store and display real-time radiation dose rate data and detector position data on the one hand, and to adjust the operating parameters of the FPGA chip on the other hand, and to send real-time radiation dose rate data to the outside on the other hand. The present invention adopts a non-destructive detection method to monitor the status of a radioactive material storage container online, and can inform the user through the user terminal at the first time of a nuclear leak.

The invention relates to the technical field of vacuum sintering, and provides an infrared temperature measurement method for a formic acid vacuum furnace, which comprises the following steps: a jig is arranged in the formic acid vacuum furnace, an upper heating pipe and a lower heating pipe of the formic acid vacuum furnace are infrared radiation heating pipes, the jig is of a hollow structure, a workpiece to be measured is placed on the jig, and an upper cover of the vacuum furnace is provided with a plurality of temperature measurement components; a temperature measuring seat of the temperature measuring assembly is provided with an infrared temperature measuring sensor, and the infrared temperature measuring sensor measures temperature through a temperature measuring window; acquiring a plurality of first measurement temperature data; comparing the first measured temperature data with each other, and re-measuring if the first measured temperature data is greater than a threshold value; if so, averaging the first measured temperature data to obtain second measured temperature data; determining a temperature interval according to the second measured temperature data; determining an infrared radiation response value according to the temperature interval; and determining third measurement temperature data according to the infrared radiation response value and a temperature determination formula. The problem that an existing formic acid vacuum furnace is low in infrared temperature measurement precision is solved.

The invention discloses a biological index data processing method and device, a storage medium and computer equipment, relates to the technical field of information processing, and mainly aims to improve the determination efficiency and the determination accuracy of radiation response characteristics of a biological index data set. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a biological index data set of a skin tissue sample in a non-radiation exposure state; determining the degree of influence of each piece of biological index data in the biological index data set on radiation response characteristic prediction, and screening out core biological index data related to radiation response characteristics from the biological index data set based on the degree of influence; and analyzing the core biological index data by using a preset radiation response characteristic prediction model, and determining radiation response characteristics of the biological index data set based on an analysis result. The method is suitable for processing scenes of the biological index data.

The invention relates to the technical field of hexagonal boron nitride crystal tools, in particular to a variable-temperature tool for testing radiation response of a hexagonal boron nitride crystal. According to the technical scheme, the device comprises a box body for supporting the hexagonal boron nitride crystal, the box body comprises a side plate, a top plate and a bottom plate, the top plate and the bottom plate are installed at the two ends of the side plate, a heating plate is fixedly installed in the side plate, a probe opening is formed in the top plate, a radiation hole is formed in the bottom plate, and a radiation source is fixedly installed on one side of the radiation hole. Precisely controllable probe contact type electric connection is adopted, damage to the surface of the hexagonal boron nitride crystal and a functional coating of the hexagonal boron nitride crystal in a traditional lead welding mode is thoroughly avoided, the integrity of a sample is greatly protected, and the authenticity and accuracy of a test result are ensured.

The invention discloses a method and system for numerically predicting and controlling vibration radiation noise of a shell of a multifunctional straw kneading machine, including: calculating and analyzing the vibration excitation source of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine; numerically simulating the vibration response of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine based on the vibration excitation source of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine; predicting the vibration radiation noise of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine using ATV and MATV methods based on the numerical simulation results of the vibration response of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine; and controlling the vibration radiation noise of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine based on the prediction results of the vibration radiation noise of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine. The invention can efficiently and accurately predict and control the vibration radiation noise of the shell of the multifunctional straw kneading machine in the design stage of the machine, providing a method reference for the development of crop straw processing machinery in the direction of low noise and high quality.

The present invention discloses an absolute radiometric calibration method for a color area array CCD camera based on a Bayer array. By using a highly stable LED light source combined with an integrating sphere to generate a stable and energy-adjustable uniform surface light source, and transferring the spectral radiance at the exit of the integrating sphere to the pixels of the area array CCD detector through a standard radiance meter, absolute radiation response calibration is achieved. In the present invention, by setting the magnitude of the LED light source current and setting the minimum value, typical value, and maximum value of the spectral radiance, an absolute radiation response calibration experiment of the color area array CCD camera is carried out under the condition of a single light source to determine the corresponding absolute radiation response coefficient, thereby eliminating the calibration uncertainty caused by detector response aliasing and effectively improving the accuracy of absolute radiometric calibration.

The invention provides an optical satellite in-orbit radiation calibration frequency determination method, system and device, and relates to the technical field of aerospace remote sensing, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a radiation response change rate corresponding to a target optical satellite load; based on the radiation calibration mode of the target optical satellite load, performing uncertainty analysis on the calibration result of the target optical satellite load to obtain a single calibration result uncertainty value of the target optical satellite load; and determining a load radiation measurement uncertainty constraint condition of the target optical satellite load, and according to the load radiation measurement uncertainty constraint condition, the radiation response change rate and the single calibration result uncertainty value, calculating to obtain an in-orbit calibration frequency of the target optical satellite load at a preset time scale. According to the invention, the on-orbit calibration efficiency and the resource use benefit are improved.

The invention discloses a synthetic method for preparing a high-performance planar detector and a material by adjusting solvent components, and the method comprises the steps: adjusting the solvent components to prepare a thick film obtained through blade coating of slurry, and carrying out the evaporation of a metal electrode at the upper end of the perovskite thick film. The prepared powder can show an excellent black phase alpha-FAPb I3, then 4.5 M perovskite slurry is prepared by using different solvent component proportions, perovskite powder is added into the solvent components, a perovskite film is prepared by blade coating, growth of the perovskite film in the annealing process is optimized through solvent selection, the quality of the perovskite film is improved, and the perovskite film is suitable for large-scale production. The improvement of the X-ray response of the perovskite film device is promoted; the preparation method of the perovskite material is simple, large-scale preparation is easy, solvent selection is environmentally friendly, and meanwhile, the ray response of a material device can be improved through adjustment of solvent components.

The application discloses a kind of diamond semiconductor device radiation response modeling methods based on Geant4 TCAD joint simulation, belong to semiconductor device simulation technical field.The present application aims to solve the problem that existing TCAD software does not have diamond material library built-in, directly using silicon parameters leads to simulation distortion, and the problem of lack of systematic device-level simulation method.The method comprises: obtaining the energy deposition distribution of alpha particles in diamond by using Geant4 simulation;Calibrate the parameters of the TCAD carrier generation model based on the distribution;Construct a device model containing a single crystal diamond sheet and a metal electrode in TCAD;Based on the calibration model, steady-state IV and transient current response simulation is carried out;The mobility-lifetime product of electrons and holes is extracted by positive and negative bias measurement combined with Hecht analysis;The effective doping concentration and trap concentration are obtained by simulation inversion.The present application can be used for virtual design of diamond detector, material quality evaluation and structure optimization.

A wastewater treatment system includes an actinic radiation reactor and a concentric tube electrode electrochemical cell in fluid communication between an electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor. The electrochemical cell is configured to produce a chlorinated effluent comprising sodium hypochlorite. A conduit fluidly couples an outlet of the electrochemical cell to an inlet of the actinic radiation reactor and is configured to deliver the chlorinated effluent to the actinic radiation reactor.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical detection, and discloses a method and system for quantifying the relative bioavailability of the internal irradiation dose of a nuclide drug, and the method comprises the steps: dividing the same batch of experimental animals carrying tumors into two groups, and respectively carrying out the internal irradiation of a to-be-detected treatment nuclide drug and the external irradiation of a contrast nuclide drug, radiation damage information and / or radiation response information of the two groups of experimental animals are / is obtained, then the two groups of information are compared, dose pairing is carried out, and finally the relative bioavailability of the internal irradiation dose of the to-be-detected nuclide drug is calculated. The defects that in the prior art, the biological effect of nuclide medicine internal irradiation treatment is greatly different from that of traditional external irradiation radiotherapy, and a means for effectively quantifying the relative bioavailability of the nuclide medicine internal irradiation dose is lacked are overcome. The relative bioavailability of the irradiation dose in the nuclide medicine can be accurately quantified, and a scientific basis is provided for research, development and clinical application of targeted radiopharmaceuticals.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of infrared signal, and discloses an end-to-end detection efficiency evaluation method for infrared targets throughout the life cycle, which includes the following steps: First, build detection scenarios such as targets, detection platforms and payloads, and the sun, including elements such as the entire movement trajectory of the target, satellite orbit, and observation geometry, perform the coordinate conversion from the target coordinate system to the payload image coordinate in the detection scenario, and realize the sub-pixel level target geometry simulation; construct a three-dimensional finite element model of the target, calculate the instantaneous equilibrium temperature field of the target, and calculate the radiation characteristics of the target throughout the life cycle according to data such as the temperature field and projection area; obtain the gray levels of the infrared target and the background through the infrared payload radiation response model to form a detection image sequence; finally, evaluate the dynamic detection efficiency according to the signal-to-noise ratio of the target gray level and noise in the image; the present invention can comprehensively and accurately describe the dynamic process of the detection efficiency of the infrared payload for dim targets changing with time and scenarios, and is applicable to the aerospace and aviation fields.

The application discloses a position adaptive method for microwave brightness temperature fast simulation, and relates to the technical field of remote sensing radiation transmission and artificial intelligence. The application adopts a position adaptive U-Net structure, while keeping the advantages of cross-scale feature fusion and skip connection of an encoder-decoder, introduces an LC non-shared convolution layer before the decoding end output, establishes a position-radiation response relationship in units of pixels, and thus significantly enhances the adaptation capability to complex land surface spatial heterogeneity and non-stationarity without explicitly introducing static priors such as surface emissivity and vegetation type. The method of the application takes meteorological variables and observation viewing angle parameters as inputs, takes satellite microwave brightness temperature as a supervision signal, is trained and verified based on the adopted L1 index, and obtains optimal weights by using a learning rate adaptation and an early stopping strategy. The application significantly reduces the processing complexity, improves the spatial structure consistency, and especially performs outstandingly in scenes such as abrupt slope direction, dry-wet transition zone and scanning edge angle.

This application provides a method for damage detection and early warning of conveyor belts based on multispectral vibration sensing, applied in the fields of mine safety monitoring and industrial equipment fault diagnosis. The method includes: collecting the multispectral radiation response and structural vibration response of the conveyor belt during operation; constructing a joint distribution map of energy absorption and phase hysteresis to identify spectral anomaly regions; analyzing the consistency of vibration propagation to locate regions of enhanced vibration reflection or abnormal dissipation; performing spatiotemporal consistency verification on spectral anomalies and vibration distortion characteristics to confirm structural damage and its spatial location; tracking the rate of change of vibration reflection and the spectral spread rate to construct physical criteria for damage evolution and output risk level warnings. This invention, through multispectral and vibration dual-mode fusion detection and spatiotemporal verification, achieves early identification and precise location of internal damage to the conveyor belt, effectively preventing serious accidents such as belt breakage and improving the predictive maintenance level of equipment operation.

A temperature measurement method based on infrared detector parameter adaption, and an electronic device. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a radiation intensity matrix of a current infrared image, and obtaining a radiation response difference value of the infrared image; determining whether a difference value △F between the radiation response difference value of the infrared image and a preset optimal radiation response difference value is less than a specific threshold, and if not, adjusting a current integration time on the basis of the difference value △F until the difference value between the radiation response difference value of the current infrared image and the preset optimal radiation response difference value is less than the threshold; and outputting a current temperature measurement result on the basis of a radiation intensity-temperature curve corresponding to an integration time sampling point near the current integration time. The current integration time of a detector is adaptively adjusted, so that an optimal infrared image display effect and a maximum temperature measurement accuracy are obtained within a dynamic range of an infrared detector.

The present invention discloses a method and system for autonomously coordinated calibration of the radiation response non-uniformity of an area array camera, which relates to the technical field of area array camera image processing and includes: calculating a distorted mean image based on multiple dark images captured by the area array camera to be calibrated in a lightless environment and multiple response distorted images captured in a uniform brightness field, then performing filtering to obtain a smoothed image, and determining a correction factor image; performing radiation response non-uniformity correction on the distorted uniform image based on the correction factor image to obtain a corrected image; determining whether the variance of the corrected image is less than the variance of the distorted mean image; if so, recording the variance of the corrected image of this filtering, and performing filtering and correction on the corrected image again; using the correction factor image corresponding to the minimum value of the variance of the recorded corrected image as the effective calibration parameter for the radiation response. The present invention alleviates the technical problem that the brightness non-uniformity still exists in the corrected image in the prior art.

The invention provides an Hf and Ce co-doped yttrium lutetium silicate scintillation crystal as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of scintillation crystal material preparation. The chemical formula of the yttrium lutetium silicate scintillation crystal is (Hf < x > Ce < y > Y < z > Lu < 1-x-y-z >) < 2 > SiO < 5 >, x is less than or equal to 0.1, 0lt; y is less than or equal to 0.05, 0lt; z is less than or equal to 0.2, and is prepared by co-doping tetravalent Hf ions (Hf < 4 + >) in the lutetium yttrium silicate Ce-doped crystal, the introduction of Hf < 4 + > competes with oxygen vacancies and shallow electron traps in the crystal to capture electrons, and the concentration of the electron traps is effectively reduced, so that the fluorescence and flicker decay time of the crystal is effectively shortened, and the response speed of the crystal to radiation is improved.

A neutron measurement system and method based on a nano-coated pixel sensor, relating to the field of neutron measurement technology. The neutron measurement system based on a nano-coated pixel sensor includes a detector; the detector includes an active pixel sensor; the photosensitive surface of the active pixel sensor is not encapsulated in glass, and the photosensitive surface of the active pixel sensor has a layered neutron conversion material. A neutron measurement method is applied to the neutron measurement system based on a nano-coated pixel sensor; the method is as follows: a neutron undergoes a nuclear reaction with a target element, and the generated alpha rays are incident on the photosensitive surface of the active pixel sensor, causing the active pixel sensor to generate a radiation response signal; the indirect measurement of neutrons is achieved by statistically analyzing the radiation response signal. The advantage of this invention is that by combining a specific neutron conversion material with an active pixel sensor, neutron detection is transformed into alpha particle detection, which is the strength of the active pixel sensor, significantly improving the detection efficiency of neutrons (especially thermal neutrons).

The invention discloses an amphiphilic molecule with diselenide bond linked nitroimidazole and polyethylene glycol and application of the amphiphilic molecule, and belongs to the technical field of medicine. The invention provides an amphiphilic molecule MNZ-Se2-PEG linked with nitroimidazole and polyethylene glycol through a diselenide bond. The structural formula of the amphiphilic molecule MNZ-Se2-PEG is as shown in (I). The amphiphilic molecules can entrap chemotherapeutic drugs through self-assembly to form a drug delivery system. The prepared drug delivery system has the advantages of being capable of keeping the structure stable under physiological conditions, releasing drugs through radiation responsiveness, enhancing sensitivity through radiotherapy and the like, and plays a role in radiotherapy and chemotherapy synergistic treatment. And the prepared drug delivery system has good biological safety. The invention provides a reliable carrier platform for realizing synergistic interaction of chemoradiotherapy, and has excellent development potential of a chemotherapy drug delivery system.

The invention relates to a transformer terminal temperature anomaly automatic detection method and device and a medium, and the method comprises the steps: inputting a visible light RGB image into a lightweight target detection model, and obtaining an initial position detection frame of a transformer terminal in the visible light RGB image; mapping the initial position detection frame to the infrared image to obtain an initial infrared temperature measurement area; in the initial infrared temperature measurement area and the neighborhood thereof, identifying a high-temperature core area based on pixel temperature distribution; performing spatial consistency verification on the high-temperature core area and the initial position detection frame, optimizing the initial position detection frame according to a verification result, and generating an optimized infrared temperature measurement area; based on the radiation response gain and the environment temperature compensation offset, converting the pixel gray value in the optimized infrared temperature measurement area into a temperature value, and calculating the representative temperature of the optimized infrared temperature measurement area; and obtaining a temperature anomaly diagnosis result according to the representative temperature. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of high efficiency, accuracy, light weight and the like.

The invention discloses an infrared sensor physical effect decoupling method based on regularization processing, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the one-dimensional guide filtering of an infrared image, obtaining a high-frequency component, and carrying out the total variation regularization processing of the high-frequency part; the group minimum pixel intensity sparse prior is combined with a traditional regularization method, a blurring kernel of the imaging system effect is estimated, an infrared image is restored, and sensor photoelectric effect decoupling is completed; compensating signal attenuation according to a sensor gray-radiation response curve to obtain radiation characteristics of a target and a background reaching a receiving end of a detector; and calculating the atmospheric transmissivity after the infrared radiation is absorbed by atmospheric molecules, absorbed and scattered by aerosol and attenuated due to the restriction of meteorological conditions, compensating the generated attenuation, completing the decoupling of the atmospheric attenuation effect at the front end of the sensor, and restoring the real radiation field of the target surface and background. The invention aims to effectively eliminate the photoelectric system effect and the atmospheric transmission effect of the sensor and restore the real radiation field on the surface of the target.

The application provides a welding seam grinding and polishing robot visual servo control method, system, device and medium, collects multiple exposure visible light images of the same welding seam section, synchronously acquires a depth image and structure light data, generates a brightness balanced image through cross-exposure registration and radiation response compensation; fuses the brightness balanced image with the depth / structure light data to extract a welding seam area, a center line and a three-dimensional pose and output a confidence index; adaptively constructs a hybrid error state based on the confidence, inputs a pre-trained strategy model to output a joint speed instruction; the instruction is projected to a feasible set satisfying joint limit, speed upper limit, collision distance threshold and field of view constraint after being limited by a safety constraint layer, and is executed, and is degraded or stopped when the confidence is insufficient or the risk is increased. The application improves the recognition stability, trajectory tracking accuracy and operation safety under complex light and interference.

This invention relates to the field of damage assessment technology, specifically to an intelligent assessment method and system for the degree of tumor tissue damage after radiotherapy. The method includes the following steps: based on the radiation dose distribution and voxel grayscale information output by the radiotherapy equipment, temporal pairing and spatial indexing are completed; then, grayscale changes are analyzed to determine the tumor boundary; grayscale and dose characteristics are statistically analyzed layer by layer; spatial localization items of sensitive layers are identified; damage grading parameters are adjusted; and damage grading classification markers are output. This invention dynamically registers the spatial structure of radiation dose with voxel grayscale data to establish a multi-ring layer parameter set for the tumor and adjacent tissues, achieving layered localization and extracting key spatial features. It directly correlates dose distribution differences with damage grading adjustment parameters. Combined with spatial markers and grading standards, it can accurately classify the radiation response of the tumor boundary and adjacent sensitive areas, completing a detailed determination of the damage level and improving the structured expression and multi-dimensional identification capabilities of the assessment results.

The application discloses a kind of fine transient finite element-boundary element high-speed railway rail vibration sound radiation efficient measurement method under mobile load, belong to railway noise simulation, calculation method technical field, by establishing rail discrete support finite element-boundary element model, using APDL command stream method to calculate the transient response under different moving speed, excitation frequency under mobile excitation single-wheel excitation and mobile double-wheel coherent excitation, efficiently obtain the rail vibration response characteristics under mobile load, and calculate the rail transient sound radiation characteristics.The fine transient finite element-boundary element high-speed railway rail vibration sound radiation efficient measurement method under mobile load of the application uses the way of transient calculation command written in APDL language in finite element software ANSYS, and is combined with ACOUSTIC software, efficiently calculates the rail vibration sound radiation response of high-speed railway rail under mobile excitation, higher precision, faster calculation.

A method and system are presented for use in X-ray based measurements on patterned structures. The method comprises: processing data indicative of measured signals corresponding to detected radiation response of a patterned structure to incident X-ray radiation, and subtracting from said data an effective measured signals substantially free of background noise, said effective measured signals being formed of radiation components of reflected diffraction orders such that model based interpretation of the effective measured signals enables determination of one or more parameters of the patterned structure, wherein said processing comprises: analyzing the measured signals and extracting therefrom a background signal corresponding to the background noise; and applying a filtering procedure to the measured signals to subtract therefrom signal corresponding to the background signal, resulting in the effective measured signal.