The invention discloses a vacuum liquid-cooled coupling heat management system of a power battery and an operating method. The vacuum liquid-cooled coupling heat management system comprises a batterypack, hollow cooling plates arranged on two sides of the battery pack, a liquid cooling circuit, with a hydraulic pump, communicating with the cooling plates, and a battery control unit, wherein the liquid cooling circuit is connected with a temperature controller, an electromagnetic valve, an air interchanger and a vacuum pump; the temperature controller is connected with a cooling liquid standbytank; and the air interchanger comprises an air storage tank with a filter screen and an air inlet valve connected with the liquid cooling circuit. The temperature conduction between battery packs isisolated by vacuum plates formed by the cooling plates through the air interchanger and a vacuum pump system, the effects of heat insulation and heat preservation are reached, the hidden danger thatthe temperature of the dense region of the battery pack is increased locally is solved, and the waste of energy sources is reduced, so that the cruising power of a finished automobile power battery system is improved, and the service life of the finished automobile power battery system is prolonged; and when the local temperature is abnormal, liquid can be quickly filled for cooling, so that the temperature of the battery pack and the temperature of the finished automobile system are balanced again.