The invention discloses a novel rapid detection method of calorific values in coal samples. The method comprises the following steps: S1, collecting and preparing a plurality of coal samples, and determining the calorific value of each sample by a conventional method respectively; S2, scanning and collecting spectral data and curves of the coal samples by using an NIRS (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy) analyzer; S3, performing treatment on the spectral data of the samples obtained in S2, obtaining a calibration equation of the calorific value by regression calculation, correcting and verifying the calibration equation of the calorific value, and establishing a detection model; and S4, directly filling a sample injector of an NIR (near-infrared reflectance) instrument with the coal samples to be detected sequentially, starting a scanning key, automatically recording and storing spectra of the samples by the NIR instrument, determining the spectral type to which the samples belong, selecting the corresponding detection model, and obtaining detection results. The accuracy of the detection method of the calorific value in coal established in the invention is in line with the requirement on reproducibility tolerance of a current standard method, the operation is very simple, convenient and rapid, and the scanning detection, including data output, of one sample can be completed by about 50s. In the whole detection operation process, sample weighing is not required, no chemical reagents need to be added, and the novel rapid detection method has the characteristics of high speed, convenience and no pollution.