The invention discloses a method and device for detecting indoor heavy metal pollution by single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry. The method is as follows: firstly, a polystyrene ball is used to perform a particle size calibration experiment on the instrument, and then a standard solution of known metal ions is used Carry out the mass number correction experiment. After the calibration is completed, use SPAMS to collect indoor atmospheric aerosols in different areas and heights in real time, and then use SPAMS to analyze and collect various parameters and status information of heavy metal particles in the samples in real time. The SPAMS in the device includes a sequentially connected sampling module, a particle size measurement module, an ionization source module, a mass analyzer module, a data acquisition module and a data analysis module. The invention can quickly, sensitively, accurately and real-time online detect the particle number concentration, particle size distribution, mass spectrum characteristics, mixing state, etc. of indoor heavy metal particles, and judge its possible source.