The invention discloses a nano flame-resistant concrete protective coating and a preparation method thereof, and the protective coating comprises the following components in parts by weight: 55-75 parts of a modified nano silica sol emulsion, 8-10 parts of attapulgite whiskers, 3-5 parts of a Schiff base modified graphene compound, 0.2-0.5 part of a wetting dispersant, 0.2-0.5 part of a thickening agent, 0.2-0.5 part of a defoaming agent, 1-3 parts of a leveling agent. and 25 to 35 parts of deionized water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the modified nano silica sol emulsion, the attapulgite whisker and the Schiff base modified graphene compound according to the formula of the protective coating, and stirring and dispersing at a high speed for 30-60 minutes by adopting a high-speed dispersion machine; adding the rest wetting dispersant, a thickening agent, a defoaming agent, a flatting agent and deionized water into the protective coating formula; and adjusting the state of the high-speed dispersion machine to medium-speed stirring dispersion, continuously stirring uniformly, filtering and packaging. The protective coating provided by the invention has good physical and chemical properties such as alkali resistance, water resistance, weather resistance, adhesive force, fire resistance and the like.