The invention discloses an in-situ preparation method for cadmium telluride/polyvinyl alcohol fluorescent fiber and relates to a preparation method for fluorescent fiber. The invention aims to solve the problems that in the prior method, the quantum dots of cadmium telluride reunite easily in a polymer solution, the fluorescence of the fiber is led to be non-uniform, so that the fluorescent effect is poor. The in-situ preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, sodium borohydride, tellurium powder and deionized water are mixed and reacted to obtain sodium hydrogen telluride solution under the condition of ice-water bath; secondly, polyvinyl alcohol solution is added to a three-necked flask, nitrogen is introduced to the three-necked flask while the solution in the flask is stirred, then CdCl.2.5 H2O and mercaptoacetic acid are added to the flask, sodium hydroxide solution is dropwise added to the flask while the solution in the flask is stirred, then sodium hydrogen telluride solution is added to the flask, and the solution in the flask is subjected to heating and reflux, so that telluride/polyvinyl alcohol spinning solution is obtained; and thirdly, the spinning solution is subjected to static spinning, so that the fluorescent fiber is obtained. With the in-situ preparation method, the quantum dots of cadmium telluride can be uniformly scattered in polymer, and the prepared fluorescent fiber has good fluorescent effect. The in-situ preparation method is used for preparing the fluorescent fiber.