The invention discloses a treatment system and process for high-temperature high-hardness high-COD sewage containing ammonia and nitrogen. The treatment system comprises a mechanical grating, an oil separation tank, a hardness-elimination device, an air floatation pool, a regulating pool, a cold water tower, a hydrolysis-acidification pool, a SBR biochemical reaction group, a buffer pool and a secondary sedimentation pool. Sewage successively flows through the mechanical grating, the oil separation tank, the hardness-elimination device, the air floatation pool, the regulating pool, the hydrolysis-acidification pool, the SBR biochemical reaction group and the secondary sedimentation pool, wherein the sewage from the regulating pool is pressurized by an elevator pump, then enters the cold water tower, and then flows back to the regulating pool via a water outlet formed in an anaerobic pre-reaction water tank. The treatment system and process provided by the invention can reduce water resource cost and sewage discharge for enterprises and improve overall economic benefits of the whole enterprises.