The invention relates to a fluorescent concentrating solar seawater desalination device. The device comprises a fluorescent concentrator, a floating body, a fresh water collection tank, a black capillary tube, a condensation cavity shell, light gas, a heat insulation film, a glass cover plate, a condensation cavity and the like. When the device works, sunlight is absorbed by quantum dots of the fluorescent condenser, then is totally reflected and is transmitted to the side surface of the condenser, at the moment, the black capillary tube tightly attached to the side surface of the fluorescentcondenser absorbs the gathered light, high-temperature heat energy is generated, seawater in the capillary tube is heated and evaporated, and generated water vapor enters the condensation cavity. As the condensation cavity is filled with gas with molar mass smaller than that of water vapor, the water vapor is forced to move downwards, is condensed into fresh water after being in contact with the lower end of the black capillary tube and the inner wall surface of the condensation cavity shell, and finally flows into the fresh water collection tank. The device is light and simple in structure and convenient to install and carry, the black capillary tube can recover latent heat of condensation of water vapor, and efficient and light sea water desalination can be achieved.