81 results about "Capillary condensation" patented technology

A heat transfer device is disclosed for transferring heat to or from a fluid that is undergoing a phase change. The heat transfer device includes a liquid-vapor manifold in fluid communication with a capillary structure thermally connected to a heat transfer interface, all of which are disposed in a housing to contain the vapor. The liquid-vapor manifold transports liquid in a first direction and conducts vapor in a second, opposite direction. The manifold provides a distributed supply of fluid (vapor or liquid) over the surface of the capillary structure. In one embodiment, the manifold has a fractal structure including one or more layers, each layer having one or more conduits for transporting liquid and one or more openings for conducting vapor. Adjacent layers have an increasing number of openings with decreasing area, and an increasing number of conduits with decreasing cross-sectional area, moving in a direction toward the capillary structure.

A humid gas stream is dehumidified by bringing that stream into contact with the front surface of a hydrophilic capillary condenser layer that captures the water and moves it adjacent the rear surface of the capillary layer. An osmotic layer, such as a semi-permeable membrane, is disposed on the rear surface of the condenser layer, and an osmotic fluid having a low concentration of water therein, is disposed adjacent the osmotic layer. An osmotic driving force, resulting from the water concentration gradient across the osmotic layer, transports the condensed water from the condensing layer through the thickness of the osmotic layer and into an osmotic fluid. The osmotic layer also inhibits the osmotic fluid from flowing into the condenser layer.

A process and apparatus for dehumidifying a gas stream is provided. The apparatus includes a single semi-permeable osmotic membrane, at least one gas stream compartment formed in part by the osmotic membrane, and at least one osmotic fluid compartment formed in part by the osmotic membrane. The semi-permeable osmotic membrane has randomly arranged pores disposed across a thickness extending between a first side and a second side, and wherein some of the pores are small enough to permit capillary condensation within the membrane, leading to condensate travel across the thickness of the single membrane without requiring a separate capillary condenser, and which single membrane restricts transport of the osmotic fluid across the thickness of the membrane. The first side of the osmotic membrane is exposed to the gas stream compartment, and the second side of the osmotic membrane is exposed to the osmotic fluid compartment.

A humid gas stream is dehumidified by bringing that stream into contact with the front surface of a hydrophilic capillary condenser layer that captures the water and moves it adjacent the rear surface of the capillary layer. An osmotic layer, such as a semi-permeable membrane, is disposed on the rear surface of the condenser layer, and an osmotic fluid having a low concentration of water therein, is disposed adjacent the osmotic layer. An osmotic driving force, resulting from the water concentration gradient across the osmotic layer, transports the condensed water from the condensing layer through the thickness of the osmotic layer and into an osmotic fluid. The osmotic layer also inhibits the osmotic fluid from flowing into the condenser layer.

The invention discloses a low-temperature sulfur-resistant denitration catalyst and a preparing method of the low-temperature sulfur-resistant denitration catalyst. The low-temperature sulfur-resistant denitration catalyst is formed by mixing, by weight, 15%-100% of active sites and 0-85% of carbon-based carriers; the active sites are formed by mixing one or two of the first active sites and the second active sites; the first active sites are composed of Mn(0.1-0.8)Ce(0.2-0.9)Ox or Mn(0.1-0.8)Mg(0.2-0.9)Ox dispersed into a 3A molecular sieve, and the value of the x is determined according to the content and the oxidation valence state of metallic elements in the chemical formula; the second active sites are composed of Mn (0.1-0.8)Mg(0.2-0.9) or Mn (0.1-0.8)Ce (0.2-0.9)Ox with the surface coated with a TiO2 or SiO2 protecting layer. According to the method, one or more of the first active sites and the second active site are mixed with carbon-based carriers to obtain the low-temperature sulfur-resistant denitration catalyst. As surface dewatering is performed on the catalyst, water molecules contained in flue gas are attached in an open-framework structure of the catalyst to form capillary condensation very difficultly or form vitriol or sulphurous acid ammonium salt with NH3 and SO2 or SO3 to cause deactivation of the catalyst.

The invention discloses a low-temperature sulphur-resisting denitration catalyst and preparation method thereof. The catalyst is formed by mixing the following components in weight percent: 1-15% of active site and 85-99% of a carbon-base carrier, wherein the active site is formed by mixing one or several of Ag2O, K2O, BaO, SnO2, Bi2O3 or PbO improved vanadium-base alloy oxides. The preparation method comprises the steps of mixing the active site and the carbon-base carrier to prepare the low-temperature sulphur-resisting denitration catalyst. Since the surface hydrophobic treatment is performed on the catalyst prepared by the invention, the situation that water molecules in the flue gas adhere to an open-framework structure of the catalyst to form capillary condensation or form sulfuric acid or ammonium sulfite with adsorbed NH3 and SO2 or SO3 to inactivate the catalyst is avoided.

The invention belongs to the field of shale oil occurrence and shale oil quantitative evaluation, and in particular relates to a shale oil adsorption capacity and movable capacity evaluation model as well as an establishment and application method thereof. Based on a capillary condensation theory, the shale oil adsorption capacity and movable capacity evaluation model is established under laboratory conditions, thus a shale oil adsorption capacity which is as shown in the description, a movable capacity Qc=(betaV2-kdS2hn)p2, a total occurrence amount Qt=Qa+Qc, and the respective percentage of the adsorption capacity and the movable capacity can be quantitatively calculated; the model application method is established under reservoir conditions, a hydrocarbon adsorption capacity and the total occurrence amount are expressed into a function of porosity and apparent density; the hydrocarbon adsorption capacity, the movable capacity and the percentages of the hydrocarbon adsorption capacity and the movable capacity are evaluated according to distribution of the porosity and oil saturation evaluated by well-log data in the longitudinal direction of a shale reservoir; and the method is simple, convenient and easy to operate, high in accuracy, strong in operability and practicability and convenient for geological popularization and application.

An apparatus for separating a liquid from a mixed gas stream can include a wall, a mixed gas stream passageway, and a liquid collection assembly. The wall can include a first surface, a second surface, and a plurality of capillary condensation pores. The capillary condensation pores extend through the wall, and have a first opening on the first surface of the wall, and a second opening on the second surface of the wall. The pore size of the pores can be between about 2 nm to about 100 nm. The mixed gas stream passageway can be in fluid communication with the first opening. The liquid collection assembly can collect liquid from the plurality of pores.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an ordered mesoporous carbon material. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a mesoporous silicon dioxide hard template material; determining the pore volume through a nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm; adding a precursor of which the volume is equal to the pore volume of the ordered mesoporous silica hard template; heating up to a boiling point of the precursor in a vacuum state; keeping the temperature for 0.5-3 hours; completely pouring the precursor into a template duct by vaporization-micro / mesoporous capillary condensation, hole surface wetting and migration in the hole, so as to achieve isometric impregnation; adding the impregnated powder to a polymerization initiator solution to polymerize and transform; drying in vacuum at 80-120 DEG C after filtering and washing; heating up to 800-1100 DEG C in a tube furnace; carrying out high-temperature carburization in an inert gas atmosphere; processing the obtained powder in an HF solution, filtering, washing and drying to prepare the ordered mesoporous carbon material. The prepared ordered mesoporous carbon material has super-high specific surface area and pore volume, and can be applied to adsorption, separation, catalysis, an electrode and the like.

A process and apparatus for dehumidifying a gas stream is provided. The process includes steps of: a) providing a semi-permeable wall having an osmotic membrane with a plurality of pores at least some of which are operably sized to permit capillary condensation, a first side, and a second side; b) placing an osmotic fluid in a compartment formed in part by the semi-permeable wall, wherein the second side of the osmotic membrane is exposed to the osmotic fluid; c) exposing the first side of the osmotic membrane to the gas stream to be dehumidified; and d) maintaining a sufficiently high water concentration gradient across the osmotic membrane during the dehumidification process to result in a flux of water through the osmotic membrane. The apparatus includes at least one semi-permeable osmotic wall, at least one gas stream compartment formed in part by the osmotic wall, and at least one osmotic fluid compartment formed in part by the osmotic wall. Each semi-permeable osmotic wall has an osmotic membrane with a first side and a second side. The first side of each osmotic membrane is exposed to the gas stream compartment, and the second side of each osmotic membrane is exposed to the osmotic fluid compartment.

The invehe invention provides a conductive hydrophobic membrane and a preparation method thereof, and an electrothermal membrane distillation module containing the same. The conductive hydrophobic membrane comprises a hydrophobic microporous membrane layer and a porous conductive layer, wherein the porous conductive layer is formed on the hydrophobic microporous membrane layer. The conductive hydrophobic membrane is made into the membrane module for electrothermal membrane distillation; the hydrophobic microporous membrane layer of the conductive hydrophobic membrane is located at a feed liquid side, and the graphene conductive layer of the conductive hydrophobic membrane is located at a water production side; and an air gap type, an air sweeping type or vacuum condensing structure is adopted at the water production side. The porous conductive layer converts electrical energy into thermal energy during distillation of an electrothermal membrane, and the thermal energy is transmitted tothe feed liquid side for heating of feed liquid. According to the invention, energy input for feed liquid heating and feed liquid circulation in the process of membrane distillation can be reduced; the problem of membrane pore wetting caused by capillary condensation in the process of membrane distillation can be alleviated; the membrane can be rapidly dried after the membrane is wetted and cleaned; and long-term low-consumption stable operation of membrane distillation technology is realized.

The invention relates to a multi-stage deep removing process of biomass gas tar. The multi-stage deep removing process comprises the concrete steps of A, feeding high-temperature biomass gas containing tar generated by a biomass gasifier to a spray cooling unit after removing dust; spraying and cooling by heavy tar liquid to obtain primarily purified biomass gas; B, feeding the primarily purified biomass gas to a coarse capture unit, removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tar by capillary condensation and interception performance of a coarse material; and C, feeding the processed two-stage purified biomass gas to an adsorption or absorption unit; removing light tar to obtain clean gas by the adsorption effect of an adsorbent or an absorbent; and reducing the dew point of the biomass gas tar to -30 to 0 DEG C. By adopting the multi-stage deep removing process of the biomass gas tar provided by the invention, multiple multi-effect coupling deep removal of the tar can be achieved; the tar removal cost is low; and light and heavy tar products can be produced as byproducts.

The invention discloses a method for removing heavy hydrocarbon in natural gas through low-temperature capillary condensation, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) precooling the raw natural gas through a first heat exchanger, wherein the precooling temperature is 5.5-(-15.5) DEG C; and at the temperature, the heavy hydrocarbon in the raw natural gas does not condense; and (2) feeding the precooled low-temperature raw gas into a tower filled with a capillary porous material, wherein the operation pressure in the tower is 2-8MPa, the heavy hydrocarbon is condensed in the inner bores of the capillary porous material, and the product gas flows out from the lower part of the tower. The method disclosed by the invention is suitable for the natural gas which contains a volatile component with a high condensation point and is improper for cryogenic cooling to remove heavy hydrocarbon, and is also suitable for the raw gas of a common liquefaction plant of common natural gas with exceeding heavy hydrocarbon content. The raw natural gas after the heavy hydrocarbon removal meets the requirement of natural gas liquefaction on the heavy hydrocarbon content of the raw natural gas.

The invention provides a method for detecting coke air hole characteristics. The method comprises the following step of: measuring the total volume of air holes contained in coke samples per unit mass by utilizing an automatic nitrogen absorption instrument, and then combining with real coke sample volumes, thereby obtaining the air hole rate of the coke samples. Capillary condensation phenomenon and volume equivalent exchange principle are utilized for determining pore diameter distribution by a gas absorption method, namely, liquid nitrogen amount filled in tested holes are equivalent to the volumes of holes. The method for detecting coke air hole characteristics provided by the invention is convenient to operate, is small in device volume, and has good repeatability.

Methods and systems for performing optical measurements of the porosity of geometric structures filled with a fill material by a capillary condensation process are presented herein. Measurements are performed while the structure under measurement is treated with a flow of purge gas that includes a controlled amount of vaporized fill material. A portion of the fill material condenses and fills openings in the structural features such as pores of a planar film, spaces between structural features, small volumes such as notches, trenches, slits, contact holes, etc. In one aspect, the desired degree of saturation of vaporized material in the gaseous flow is determined based on the maximum feature size to be filled. In another aspect, measurement data is collected when a structure is unfilled and when the structure is filled. The collected data is combined in a multi-target model based measurement to estimate values of porosity and critical dimensions.

An apparatus for separating a liquid from a mixed gas stream can include a wall, a mixed gas stream passageway, and a liquid collection assembly. The wall can include a first surface, a second surface, and a plurality of capillary condensation pores. The capillary condensation pores extend through the wall, and have a first opening on the first surface of the wall, and a second opening on the second surface of the wall. The pore size of the pores can be between about 2 nm to about 100 nm. The mixed gas stream passageway can be in fluid communication with the first opening. The liquid collection assembly can collect liquid from the plurality of pores.

The invention belongs to the technical field of energy conservation of thermal power plants, and particularly relates to a smoke moisture and waste heat recovery device based on hollow micro-nano porous ceramic membranes. The smoke moisture and waste heat recovery device is applied to smoke moisture and waste heat recovery before discharged smoke of a thermal power plant enters a flue; and the device mainly comprises the following systems: a hollow micro-nano porous ceramic membrane component system, a water supply system (which mainly comprises a water tank and a water pump) and an auxiliary system (which mainly comprises a valve, a pipeline and a sensor). According to the device, hollow micro-nano porous ceramic membrane pipes are fully filled with cooling water by utilizing the water supply system, and micro-negative pressure is formed on the inner sides of the membranes after the water pump is opened; when the smoke passes through the membrane component, differential pressure is formed on the two sides of the membrane pipes; vapour in the smoke is condensed in nanopores in the surface of the ceramic membranes due to the capillary condensation effect, enters the membrane pipes in virtue of the differential pressure on the two sides of the ceramic membranes, and is mixed with the cooling water, so that the smoke moisture is recovered. In the meantime, heat is transferred on the two sides of the membrane pipes, so that the smoke waste heat is recovered. The smoke moisture and waste heat recovery device has good spontaneity, is high-efficient and environment-friendly, and is applicable to recovery of a large quantity of moisture and waste heat resources in the smoke, and the operation cost of the thermal power plant is reduced.

Methods and systems for performing optical measurements of geometric structures filled by a capillary condensation process are presented herein. Measurements are performed while the structures under measurement are treated with a flow of purge gas that includes a controlled amount of fill material. A portion of the fill material condenses onto the structures under measurement and fills openings in the structural features, spaces between structural features, small volumes such as notches, trenches, slits, contact holes, etc. The degree of saturation of vaporized material in the gaseous flow is adjusted based on the maximum feature size to be filled. In some examples, measurement data, such as spectroscopic data or image data, are collected when a structure is unfilled and when the structure is filled by capillary condensation. The collected data are combined to improve measurement performance.

Methods and systems for performing optical measurements of geometric structures filled by a capillary condensation process are presented herein. Measurements are performed while the structures under measurement are treated with a flow of purge gas that includes a controlled amount of fill material. A portion of the fill material condenses onto the structures under measurement and fills openings in the structural features, spaces between structural features, small volumes such as notches, trenches, slits, contact holes, etc. The degree of saturation of vaporized material in the gaseous flow is adjusted based on the maximum feature size to be filled. In some examples, measurement data, such as spectroscopic data or image data, are collected when a structure is unfilled and when the structure is filled by capillary condensation. The collected data are combined to improve measurement performance.

The invention discloses a high-adsorbability porous silicon dioxide absorbing agent and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps of: dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone into water, adding acid to obtain a water / acid / polyvinylpyrrolidone solution; and adding silanol salt to obtain gel, gelating, drying and roasting to obtain the high-adsorbability porous silicon dioxide absorbing agent. The surface area of the high-adsorbability porous silicon dioxide absorbing agent is more than 300m<2>.g<-1>, the water absorbing quantity can reach 60 percent when the relative humidity is 95 percent, and the pore diameter is 3-8nm between gross porous silicon gel and thin porous silicon gel. The high-adsorbability porous silicon dioxide absorbing agent has higher absorbing quantity compared with the thin porous silicon gel, stronger capillary condensation capability compared with the gross porous silicon gel, and higher absorbing quantity and absorbing / desorption rate; and the regeneration temperature is 85-90 DEG C, thus the requirement on equipment size and energy is reduced, and the energy and material saving effect is remarkable. The absorbing agent is suitable for preparing a rotary absorber in the field of gas drying and purification.

A method for estimating an amount of hydrocarbon in an earth formation having a kerogen includes determining a pore size in the kerogen at or below which capillary condensation will occur, the determining being performed using a processor. The method also includes calculating an amount of hydrocarbon liquid condensate in pores of the kerogen based on capillary condensation using the determined pore size, the calculating being performed using the processor. The method further includes estimating the amount of hydrocarbon in the earth formation using the calculated amount of hydrocarbon liquid condensate, the estimating being performed using the processor.

The invention discloses a ptycene-perylene diimide derivative, a synthesis method thereof and sensing application to gas-phase volatile aromatic hydrocarbon. The ptycene-perylene diimide derivative has a special non-planar structure, so that a prepared sensing film has large specific surface area and porosity, and is rich in molecular channels, and good diffusion of molecules of an object to be detected in the film can be ensured; and meanwhile, by utilizing a capillary condensation phenomenon and the sensitive effect of fluorescent molecules on a surrounding environment in a high-excitation state, high sensitivity and high selectivity response to BTEX gas are realized, the response time and the recovery time are short, and a new thought is provided for gas-phase sensing of volatile organic compounds lacking photoelectric activity and preparation of a fluorescent sensing film with excellent performance. The preparation method is simple and convenient to operate and mild in reaction condition, the photochemistry stability and thermodynamic stability of a prepared fluorescent compound are good, and the obtained fluorescent sensing film is high in sensitivity, good in selectivity andlong in service life, and is an excellent fluorescent sensing film.

The invention relates to a CO2 chemical absorption system based on water vapor mass transfer reinforced afterheat recovery. The system comprises CO2 absorption equipment, CO2 regeneration equipment, a rich liquor pump, a barren liquor pump, a barren liquor cooler, a three-way shunt valve, a barren liquor and rich liquor exchanger, a pressurization fan and a hollow fiber film contactor assembly. Before the barren liquor and rich liquor heat exchange of cold rich liquor, partial cold rich liquor is shunted to be used for recovering heat regeneration tower top CO2 and H2O (g) regenerated gas afterheat; meanwhile, a high-temperature-resistant inorganic hollow fiber film contactor with nanometer film holes is used as a heat exchange medium between the shunting cold rich liquor and the regenerated gas for replacing an original regeneration tower top regenerated gas external water cooler; the capillary condensation of H2O (g) in the film holes is used for realizing the H2O (g) mass transfer reinforcement and CO2 mass transfer blockage; the convection heat exchange quantity of regeneration gas on the cold rich liquor can be reinforced; the afterheat recovery efficiency of the regenerated gas is greatly improved, so that the regenerated heat loss of the unit CO2 can be greatly reduced.

The present invention relates to the technical field of preparation of humidity-controlling materials, and more particularly to a preparation method of a high-temperature resistant composite humidity-controlling material. When indoor humidity is high, capillary condensation may occur in the internal pores of diatomite, so that the humidity is reduced. When the humidity is low, the moisture storedin the pores of the diatomite can be released through the pores, so that the environmental humidity is improved. Calcium lignosulphonate is grafted with acrylamide to obtain a graft copolymer, and thelignosulfonate is adsorbed to various organic or inorganic particles, so that the hydration of free water molecules on the diatomite crystal layer is effectively weakened and blocked. Meanwhile, thecoalescence stability of the system is improved by a large number of anionic groups and non-ionic polar groups. N-vinyl pyrrolidone has the capability of resisting high-temperature degradation and metal salt ion invasion, and meanwhile, the nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in the N-vinyl pyrrolidone interact with the oxygen atoms or ammonia atoms in the acrylamide molecules, so that the hydrolysisof the acrylamide can be inhibited. The preparation method has an extensive application prospect.

The invention discloses a preparation method for compound porous mineral humidifying materials with excellent moisture absorption performance. On the basis of the mixing expanded perlite and activatedsepiolite, calcium chloride is taken as modifier; after mixed materials are subjected to impregnation modification, drying is carried out. The sepiolite subjected to modified treatment by acid has alarge specific surface area and total pore volume, and therefore, the sepiolite has better moisture absorption and initial moisture absorption rate in a low moisture range; in a high moisture range, the capillary condensation amount of the expanded perlite with a large aperture is greater than the capillary condensation amount of the sepiolite. The prepared compound humidifying material has good moisture absorption performance under various moisture environments, in addition, calcium chloride which is deposited on the surface of the porous mineral can generate hydration reaction with vapour, and physical absorption and chemical adsorption in the humidifying materials are mutually accelerated so as to improve the moisture adsorption amount of the humidifying materials.

The invention relates to a directional grown mesoporous adsorption material with a controllable structure and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of porous adsorption materials. The adsorption material has an alumina-silica composite structure and is assembled by an inorganic-organic interface in an alumina hole, and the mesoporous structure is formed in a directional growing mode along the axial direction of an alumina array hole; and the mesoporous structure of a silica phase can be controlled as a regular and ordered two-dimensional or three-dimensional structure, and the pore canal growing direction and the aperture size of the mesoporous structure are modulated by adjusting and controlling a mixture ratio of a self-assembling system and assembling conditions. The adsorption material has the advantages that the adsorption material has an integral composite structure and is convenient to apply; the pore structure is regular and ordered, the size distribution is even, and the capillary condensation is quick; the porosity is high and the adsorbing capacity is large; and the surface property is adjustable, and the adsorption material is applicable to adsorption substances with different polarities. The adsorption material can be widely applied to quick high-capacity storage of liquid gas or gas solution.

The invention relates to a composite building humidity-controlling material and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of building materials. The humidity-controlling material is prepared from quaternized chitosan modified sepiolite to be compounded with sierozem, ground calcium carbonate, quartz sand and attapulgite. A great number of detrital impurities such as carbonaceous matters, clay minerals and the like covered on the surface of the sepiolite are removed through acidification and purification, so that most of pore structures appear, the pore volume of the sepiolite is obviously increased, and the moisture absorption and release ability of the sepiolite is enhanced. Meanwhile, chitosan is subjected to quaternization modification, so that the moisture absorption is improved. During the cleaning process of pores of the sepiolite, the pores are filled with the chitosan to produce a composite effect with porous structures of the sepiolite, so that the diffusion performance of water vapor on the surface of the material or inside the material is improved, the capillary condensation of the water vapor inside the material is promoted, and the moisture absorption capacity of the material is increased. The humidity-controlling material has faster moisture absorption and release rate, so that the physical adsorption of the material to moisture is promoted,and the moisture absorption capacity is increased to further enhance the moisture absorption and release ability.

Condenser-evaporator tube, in whose interior flows a vapor to be condensed and over which flows a liquid to be evaporated, where both inside and outside faces of this tube are covered with capillary structures configured for the formation of liquid menisci having a contact angle smaller than 90° where the liquid-vapor interface curves, which allows capillary condensation inside the tube and evaporation on the outside face at the upper end (25) of the liquid menisci where the liquid layer is thinnest and the evaporation most efficient.