624 results about "Hydrogen compounds" patented technology

Annular packer (2) arranged on the outside of a production tubing (4) said packer comprises a core (12) comprising elastic polymer swelling by absorption of hydrocarbons. The core (12) may be surrounded by an external mantle of rubber (10), which is permeable to hydrocarbons and may be equipped with a reinforcement (11). The core (12) swells by absorption of hydrocarbons and the packer (2) expands thus in order to seal the annular space (5) between the production tubing (4) and the well wall (6).

Particulate compositions are described comprising an intimate mixture of a coal and a gasification catalyst in the presence of steam to yield a plurality of gases including methane and at least one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other higher hydrocarbons are formed. Processes are also provided for the preparation of the particulate compositions and converting the particulate composition into a plurality of gaseous products.

Liquefied natural gas is used as a fracturing fluid to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from and/or injectability of fluids into subterranean formations. Proppants may be blended with the LNG prior to pumping the liquefied natural gas into the well. Optionally, the liquefied natural gas is heated after it is pumped and before it is introduced into the subterranean formation.

Methods and systems are disclosed for processing data used for hydrocarbon extraction from the earth. Symmetry transformation groups are identified from sampled earth structure data. A set of critical points is identified from the sampled data. Using the symmetry groups and the critical points, a plurality of subdivisions of shapes is generated, which together represent the original earth structures. The symmetry groups correspond to a plurality of shape families, each of which includes a set of predicted critical points. The subdivisions are preferably generated such that a shape family is selected according to a best fit between the critical points from the sampled data and the predicted critical points of the selected shape family.

To provide a semiconductor substrate of a group III nitride with low defect density and little warp, this invention provides a process comprising such steps of: forming a GaN layer 2 on a sapphire substrate 1 of the C face ((0001) face); forming a titanium film 3 thereon; heat-treating the substrate in an atmosphere containing hydrogen gas or a gas of a compound containing hydrogen to form voids in the GaN layer 2; and thereafter forming a GaN layer 4 on the GaN layer 2'.

The present invention relates to the generation of substantially pollution free energy by utilizing hydrocarbons to create electrical energy, while reinjecting exhaust fumes or other byproducts into a subterranean formation. Thus, remote, low reserve oil and gas fields may be exploited and produced without requiring the construction of expensive gas transmission lines.

Systems and methods for monitoring a characteristic of a subterranean hydrocarbon reservoir and for placing a borehole in the vicinity of a well in an earth formation. New well completion systems with slotted stations are utilized to provide through-casing signal-transmission and/or reception. Hydraulic isolation between the interior and the exterior of the completion is provided by pressure barrier means at the slotted stations. The completions permit temporary or permanent monitoring of changes in reservoir saturation with the use of mobile sources/sensors. The completions also form part of a system for accurately placing a well within a desired distance and orientation relative to an existing well.

The extraction of hydrocarbon fuel products such as kerogen oil and gas from a body of fixed fossil fuels such as oil shale is accomplished by applying a combination of electrical energy and critical fluids with reactants and/or catalysts down a borehole to initiate a reaction of reactants in the critical fluids with kerogen in the oil shale thereby raising the temperatures to cause kerogen oil and gas products to be extracted as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in the critical fluids. The hydrocarbon fuel products of kerogen oil or shale oil and hydrocarbon gas are removed to the ground surface by a product return line. An RF generator provides electromagnetic energy, and the critical fluids include a combination of carbon dioxide (CO₂), with reactants of nitrous oxide (N₂O) or oxygen (O₂).

A system and process is disclosed for retorting oil shale and extracting shale oil and other hydrocarbons therefrom, in which a cased heat delivery well is drilled generally vertically through an overburden and then through a body of oil shale to be retorted to the bottom thereof, generally horizontally under the body of oil shale to be retorted, and then back to the earth surface. Heat energy is transmitted conductively to the body of oil shale to be retorted from a closed loop heat delivery module in the well, the module comprising a fluid transmission pipe containing a heating fluid heated to at least a retorting temperature. Heat energy is also transmitted to the body of oil shale to be retorted above the fluid transmission pipe by vapor conduits that conduct retort vapors upward through the body of oil shale to be retorted; the ascending retort vapors condense and reflux, delivering their latent heat of vaporization to the body of oil shale to be retorted, and the condensed retort liquids descend. If not recycled, the retort liquids are collected in a sump at the bottom of a production well and are transmitted to the surface for processing. The vapor conduits communicate at upper ends thereof with the production well, so that vapors that do not reflux are collected in the production well and are transmitted to the surface for processing.

A process and system for producing hydrocarbon compounds or fuels that recycle products of hydrocarbon compound combustion—carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, or both, and water. The energy for recycling is electricity derived from preferably not fossil based fuels, like from nuclear fuels or from renewable energy. The process comprises electrolysing water, and then using hydrogen to reduce externally supplied carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, then using so produced carbon monoxide together with any externally supplied carbon monoxide and hydrogen in Fischer-Tropsch reactors, with upstream upgrading to desired specification fuels—for example, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and others. Energy released in some of these processes is used by other processes. Using adiabatic temperature changes and isothermal pressure changes for gas processing and separation, large amounts of required energy are internally recycled using electric and heat distribution lines. Phase conversion of working fluid is used in heat distribution lines for increased energy efficiency. The resulting use of electric energy is less than 1.4 times the amount of the high heating value of combustion of so produced hydrocarbon compounds when carbon dioxide is converted to carbon monoxide in the invention, and less than 0.84 when carbon monoxide is the source.

Two (or more), -component, body-implantable, absorbable, biocompatible, putty, and non-putty hemostatic tamponades for use in surgery. Component 1 is a finely powdered bulking material, preferably less than 50 microns, e.g. the calcium, magnesium, aluminum, or barium salts of saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acids containing about 6 to 22 carbon atoms, hydroxyapatite, DBM, polyglycolide, polylactide, poldioxinones, polycaprolactones, absorbable glasses, gelatin, collagens, mono, and polysaccharides starches.

Component 2, a dispersing vehicle, may be esters of C₈-C₁₈ monohydric alcohols with C₂-C₆ aliphatic monocarboxylic acids; C₂-C₁₈ monohydric alcohols with polycarboxylic acids; C₈-C₃₀ monohydric alcohols; tocopherol and esters thereof with C₂-C₁₀ aliphatic monocarboxylic acids or polycarboxylic acids; absorbable 10-14C hydrocarbons; free carboxylic acids such as oleic, capric, and lauric; dialkyl ethers and ketones; alkyl aryl ethers and ketones, polyhydroxy compounds and esters and ethers thereof; (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers), oils e.g. olive oil, castor oil and triglycerides.

A radio frequency applicator and method for heating a geological formation is disclosed. A radio frequency source configured to apply a differential mode signal is connected to a coaxial conductor including an outer conductor pipe and an inner conductor. The inner conductor is coupled to a second conductor pipe through one or more metal jumpers. One or more current chokes, such as a common mode choke or antenna balun, are installed around the outer conductor pipe and the second conductor pipe to concentrate electromagnetic radiation within a hydrocarbon formation. The outer conductor pipe and the second conductor pipe can be traditional well pipes for extracting hydrocarbons, such as a steam pipe and an extraction pipe of a steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) system. An apparatus and method for installing a current choke are also disclosed.

An insulating film is formed on a target substrate by CVD, in a process field to be selectively supplied with a first process gas containing a silane family gas, a second process gas containing a nitriding gas, and a third process gas containing a carbon hydride gas. This method includes repeatedly performing supply of the first process gas to the process field, supply of the second process gas to the process field, and supply of the third process gas to the process field. The supply of the third process gas includes an excitation period of supplying the third process gas to the process field while exciting the third process gas by an exciting mechanism.

The invention relates to a method using melt spinning to manufacture high performance polyvinyl alcohol fiber. It adopts intermolecular hydrogen compound for nitrogen compound, hydrophilicity auxiliary additive, compound modifier and polyvinyl alcohol to make modified polyvinyl alcohol. The modified polyvinyl alcohol is practiced melt spinning by extruding-spinning equipment to make polyvinyl alcohol as-formed fiber. It is formed to high performance polyvinyl alcohol fiber by multi-stage stretching, drying, and hot forming. The technique is simple, economic, environmental protection, and easy to realize industrialization production.

A cement composition is provided including a cement and a low reactivity particle coated with a swellable polymeric material. The low reactivity particle is coated with a swellable polymeric material at a concentration of about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the cement. The swellable polymeric material swells to a larger volume when exposed to one or more hydrocarbons, depending on the selected polymeric material. The cement composition is used in a method as a self-sealing cement for cementing an oil and gas well, thereby minimizing or mitigating the unwanted migration of water or hydrocarbons.

Recovery of viscous hydrocarbon from subterranean formations is assisted by using a plurality of novel U-tube type wells, each with dual wellheads, a moveable wellbore packer, a lateral section with a concentric communication zone and with sequential injection production perforations in which heat is injected into the proximal perforations and hot oil and produced fluids are produced from the distal perforations, the whole process being controlled by modulating the production flow where the wellbore fluids are controlled to act as a hydraulic seal to limit bypass of injected fluids. The injection-production displacement process moves axially along the wellbore in a sequential manner as hydrocarbon volumes are depleted by injected fluid displacement of oil and oil and water production.

Polymeric compositions that include polyurethane polymers derived from a polyisocyanate compound and a polyactive hydrogen compound. The polyurethane compound is at least partially endcapped with a group including at least one antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound. The polymeric composition of the present invention is capable of forming a self-supporting film. The polymeric compositions are suitable for coating substrates to effectively kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, mold, mildew, algae fungi and the like. The polymeric compositions are particularly useful for protecting construction materials used in moist, outdoor environments to prevent discoloration or decay from microorganisms and for surfaces in health care facilities to mitigate the spread of pathogens.

The present invention relates to a self-renewing, anti-icing composition driven by a dehydrogenative reaction of a reactive hydrogen-rich compound catalyzed by nanoparticle immobilized catalysts, which is active under subzero temperatures. The disclosed coating displays a variety of properties including, but not limited to hydrophobicity, anti-wetting, and resistance to ice formation and ice adhesion. The novel anti-icing coating can be used on glass surfaces requiring optical clarity and transparency and can also be applied to a variety of smooth, roughened, or porous surfaces.

A process for producing synthetic hydrocarbons that reacts carbon dioxide, obtained from seawater of air, and hydrogen obtained from water, with a catalyst in a chemical process such as reverse water gas shift combined with Fischer Tropsch snthesis. The hydrogen is produced by nuclear reactor electricity, nuclear waste heat conversion, ocean thermal energy conversion, or any other source that is fossil fuel-free, such as wind or wave energy. The process can be either land based or sea based.

In connection with thermal recovery projects, a system determines temperature gradients for a heat affected zone associated with a subterranean hydrocarbon reservoir. An exemplary system includes a plurality of temperature sensors distributed in the wellbore at least partially along the heat affected zone. A downhole processor positioned proximate and substantially outside of the heat affected zone receives and digitizes the temperature measurements. A data link such as a data cable coupled to the downhole processor conveys the temperature measurements to a surface interface.

A material for making elastomeric nitrile rubber articles is disclosed. In particular, the process and material formulation can produce nitrile rubber based articles, which exhibit force-strain characteristics that are comparable to those of natural rubber latex articles, while maintaining the tensile strength properties of nitrile rubber. The process includes an accelerator composition at the pre-cure stage having a dithiocarbamate, a thiazole, and a guanidine compound. The invention also includes an elastomeric nitrile rubber product made by the process, such as examination, surgical, or work gloves, which can have an exterior coating over naked rubber selected from either a silicone emulsion or oil, glycerin solution, a combined mixture of silicone and glycerin/glycerol, a fluorocarbon release agent, or a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon-based oil in amounts that do not degrade said substrate rubber material.

A process for the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride films from nitrogen, argon, xenon, helium or ammonia and an aminosilane, preferably of the formula: (t-C₄H₉NH)₂SiH₂ that provides improved properties, particularly etch resistance and low hydrogen concentrations as well as stress control, of the resulting film for use in the semiconductor industry.

A subsea oil and/or gas production system comprises a host production facility and a plurality of subsea wells. A fluid conveying network is provided that connects each subsea well to the host production facility. A separate electrical power and data network is provided for conveying direct current electrical power and data, operatively connected to each subsea well for providing each subsea well with data transfer and electrical power services. The use of direct current ensures that the electrical power and data network can provide power over much greater distances than currently available, and the use of separate networks for conveying fluids and for providing electrical power and data transfer allows for a much more flexible system.

An air flow regulation system for enhancing the performance of oxidation catalyst in the exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine is provided wherein air flow into the exhaust upstream of an oxidation catalyst is dynamically controlled via a controlled feedback loop to ensure sufficient oxygen availability to induce enhanced oxidation catalyst performance while simultaneously limiting the exhaust cooling effect of the incoming air stream and the associated loss of catalytic conversion performance. The modulation of air temperature and flow into the exhaust gas stream of a reciprocating internal combustion natural gas fuel engine upstream of an oxidation catalyst is regulated such that oxidation of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and ammonia is achieved to a level beyond the levels attainable and maintainable with a catalyst strategy that relies only upon pre-combustion air/fuel ratio management. In one aspect, the modulation of air flow into the exhaust is via an electronically controlled feedback loop. In another aspect, the induced air is heated to assure catalyst performance and retard the loss of recoverable heat from the exhaust stream for combined heat and power applications.

A process for the preparation of one or more hydrocarbon fuel products boiling in the kero/diesel range from a stream of hydrocarbons produced in a Fischer-Tropsch process, in which process synthesis gas is converted into liquid hydrocarbons, at least a part of the hydrocarbons boiling above the kero/diesel range, having the following steps:

• [0002]
  • (1) hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing at least a part of the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons stream at a conversion per pass of at most 80 wt % of the material boiling above 370° C. into material boiling below 370° C.;
  [0003]
  • (2) separating the product stream obtained in step (1) into one or more light fractions boiling below the kero/diesel boiling range, one or more fractions boiling in the kero/diesel boiling range and a heavy fraction boiling above the kero/diesel boiling range;
  [0004]
  • (3) hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing the major part of the heavy fraction obtained in step (2) at a conversion per pass of at most 80 wt % of the material boiling above 370° C. into material boiling below 370° C.;
  [0005]
  • (4) separating the product stream obtained in step (3) into one or more light fractions boiling below the kero/diesel boiling range, one or more fractions boiling in the kero/diesel boiling range and a heavy fraction boiling above the kero/diesel boiling range; and,
  [0006]
  • (5) hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing the major part of the heavy fraction obtained in step (4) in the hydrocracking/hydroisomerizing process described in step (1) and/or step (3), in which process the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons stream comprises at least 35 wt % C₃₀+ (based on total amount of hydrocarbons in the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons stream) and in which stream the weight ratio C₆₀+/C₃₀+ is at least 0.2.

A method to stimulate the biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content that includes forming an opening in a geologic formation to provide access to a consortium of microorganisms, and injecting water into the opening to disperse at least a portion of the consortium over a larger region of a hydrocarbon deposit. The method may also include measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite in the formation. Also, an method to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite that includes measuring a salinity level of formation water in a geologic formation, and injecting water into the opening to reduce the salinity level of the formation water in the formation. The method may also include measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite in the formation.

A process is described for producing an olefins stream from a first vapor effluent stream from an oxygenate to olefin conversion reaction, said first vapor effluent stream comprising C₂ and C₃ olefins, C₄ hydrocarbons, and C₂ to C₆ carbonyl compounds. In the process, the temperature and pressure of the first vapor effluent stream are adjusted to produce a second vapor effluent stream having a pressure ranging from about 100 psig to about 350 psig (790 to 2514 kPa) and a temperature ranging from about 70° F. to about 120° F. (21 to 49° C.), said second vapor effluent stream containing about 50 wt. % or more C₄ hydrocarbons based upon the total weight of C₄ hydrocarbons in the first vapor effluent stream. The second vapor effluent stream is then washed with a liquid alcohol-containing stream to produce a third vapor effluent stream, whereafter the third vapor effluent stream is washed with liquid water to provide a fourth vapor effluent stream comprising the C₂ and C₃ olefins and about 1.0 wt. % or less C₂ to C₆ carbonyl compounds.

A method of extracting hydrocarbon-containing organic matter from a hydrocarbon-containing material includes the steps of providing a first liquid comprising a turpentine liquid; contacting the hydrocarbon-containing material with the turpentine liquid to form an extraction mixture; extracting the hydrocarbon material into the turpentine liquid; and separating the extracted hydrocarbon material from a residual material not extracted.

An aqueous, viscoelastic fluid gelled with a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) is inhibited against hydrate formation with an effective amount of an additive that could be one or more halide salts of alkali metals and alkali earth metals, formate salts, alcohols, glycols, glycol amines, sugars, sugar alcohols, amidoamine oxides, polymers such as polyamines, polyvinylpyrrolidones and derivatives thereof, polyvinyl alcohols and derivatives thereof, polycaprolactams and derivatives thereof, hydroxyethylcellulose, and mixtures thereof. These fluids are inhibited against hydrate formation and may have increased viscosity as well. The additives may increase viscosity to the point where less VES is required to maintain a given viscosity. These inhibited, aqueous, viscoelastic fluids may be used as treatment fluids for subterranean hydrocarbon formations, such as in stimulation treatments, e.g. hydraulic fracturing fluids.

It is an object of the present invention to improve the mixability of liquid hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen gas and reduce the number of parts required for fuel supply means that supplies the two types of fuel. Disclosed is a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine that uses liquid hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen gas as fuel. The hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine comprises a fuel injection device for injecting hydrocarbon fuel; fuel supply means for supplying hydrocarbon fuel to the fuel injection device; and a microbubble generation device for generating microbubbles of hydrogen gas and mixing the generated microbubbles of hydrogen gas into liquid hydrocarbon fuel in the fuel supply means. The hydrogen gas microbubbles are supplied, for instance, to a fuel supply path (second fuel supply path) and fuel tank, which constitute the fuel supply means.