1978results about How to "Good flocculation effect" patented technology

The invention relates to a scale inhibitor combination, a preparation method thereof and a sewage treatment method. The scale inhibitor combination is characterized in that the combination comprises small molecular organic scale inhibitor containing phosphor, polymer scale inhibitor, flocculating agent, water soluble inorganic zinc salt and water, wherein the molecular weight of the small molecular organic scale inhibitor containing phosphor is 100 to 2000. The scale inhibitor combination of the invention is single preparation, the use and the operation are simple and the scale inhibition performance is stable; and the scale inhibitor combination can promote the flocculation effect.

The invention relates to a green flocculant- ammonium type cation starch flocculant with high replace degree. Said flocculant employs one of corn starch, wheat starch, tapioca starch, potato starch or any of mixture of them as raw material, takes 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium Chloride, or epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride as cationic etherifying agent, and employs dry method to synthesize said flocculant by using sodium hydroxide and co-catalyst as complex catalyst system. The invention combines the advantage of dry method and semi-dry method, overcomes problem of agglomeration of starch during solution ejection, and solves problems of pasting and agglomeration of starch during reaction process when together with base. The invention is characterized by non post treatment, non three waste, simple processes, short reaction period, mild reaction condition, high efficiency and low cost. The flocculant is characterized when compared with normal ones by less consumption, fast settling speed, high transparency, and wide use for wastewater treatment and sludge waterless in industries such as paper making, dyeing, leathering making and petrochemical industry.

The invention relates to a complex heavy-metal waste water emergency quick treatment method, comprising the following steps of: filtering by a sand filter; mixing by a high-speed pump; carrying out an ultraviolet catalyzing ozone reaction; carrying a microwave catalyzing active carbon reaction; carrying micro-electrolytic reaction; circulating waste water; carrying out a Fenton reaction; carryingout electric flocculation on an aluminum electrode plate; and pressing and filtering sludge. Waster water in a circulating slot is pumped into an iron carbon fluidized bed by a fluidizing pump to be circularly treated; an air compressor is connected with the iron carbon fluidized bed and prevents a filler in the iron carbon fluidized bed from blocking; and the microwave active carbon reactor is an active carbon filling tower, and a microwave emitter is arranged outside the body of the active carbon filling tower. The complex heavy-metal waste water emergency quick treatment method disclosed by the invention is used for treating the complex heavy-metal waste water, associated devices are simple, easy, quick, can meet an emergency, and can update and convert, no various chemical raw materials are fed, and various complex heavy-metal waste water with unknown elements can be quickly treated as long as the current magnitude is regulated, and thus the heavy metal in the waste water and chemical oxygen demand can immediately reach the standard and are discharged.

A preparation method of bentonite phosphorus removal water purifying agent comprises the steps of drying calcium bentonite or sodium bentonite, pulverizing, sieving with 200 mesh sieve, adding a lanthanum salt solution, stirring in a water bath with room temperature to 60 DEG C for 2-12 hours, washing, and preparing into 5-10 wt% slurry; adding inorganic polymeric flocculant into the above slurry, and stirring; filtering; and drying the filter cake at 70-90 DEG C, and pulverizing to 40-200 mesh powder as bentonite phosphorus removal water purifying agent. The inventive method modifies bentonite with inorganic polymeric flocculant and lanthanum salt, so as to enhance the precipitation, coagulation and flocculation action of the bentonite phosphorus removal water purifying agent through the synergism among the inorganic polymeric flocculant, lanthanum salt and bentonite. The inventive method is simple; and the obtained bentonite phosphorus removal water purifying agent has high efficiency and good safety, and has important application value in environmental protection and controlling of water bodies such as river, lake and water reservoir.

The invention relates to a biological denitrification method for salt-containing sewage, which comprises the following steps: adding a denitrification microbial inoculant into a biochemical sewage treatment system, and simultaneously starting the nitrification-denitrification biological denitrification treatment processes, wherein the sewage treatment temperature is 18-40 DEG C, the dissolved oxygen is 0.1-5 mg / L, and the pH value is 7.0-9.0. The denitrification microbial inoculant contains one or two of Staphylococcuscohnii FSDN-C, Arthrobactercreatinolyticus FDN-1 and Flavobacteriummizutaii FDN-2, and also contains one or two of Paracoccusdenitrificans DN-3 and Methylobacteriumphyllosphaerae SDN-3. The method provided by the invention can effectively treat high-salt-content sewage, enhances the adsorptivity and flocculence for sludge, has wide application range for wastewater quality and high impact resistance to salt-containing sewage, and obviously enhances the sewage treatment effect on the premise of removing pollutants, such as ammonia nitrogen, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and the like.

The invention discloses a flocculating agent for waste water treatment. The flocculating agent comprises components of calcium sulfate, aluminum ion salt, sodium carbonate, polyacrylamide, sodium thiosulfate, chitosan, chitosan quaternary ammonium salt, diatomite, cement and a pH adjusting agent, can be used for treating waste water discharged from food processing plants, metal manufacturing plants, chemical plants and the like, can also be used for treating waste water discharged from farms and slaughter plants, can also be used for purification of water quality in river channels and lakes, and can effectively reduce COD, color and turbidity of waste water.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a grafting amphoteric chitosan flocculant, comprising the following steps: carrying out graft copolymerization between carboxymethyl chitosan and polyacrylamide to obtain the grafting amphoteric chitosan flocculant, wherein the substituted ratio of a carboxyl group is 5%-90%, and the mass of the polyacrylamide is 40%-80% of the grafting amphoteric chitosan flocculant. The carboxymethyl chitosan can be obtained by separation after carboxylation reaction between chitosan and chloroacetic acid. The chitosan can adopt various commercially available products, and preferably, molecular weight of the chitosan is not less than 50,000, more preferably 750,000-850,000. The carboxymethyl chitosan grafting polyacrylamide flocculant prepared by the method of the invention improves water solubility of the chitosan, is applicable to treating water with different electric charges, and has good salt tolerance; and the flocculant can be also widely applied to an acid medium and an alkaline medium, and has wide adaptability to the pH value range.

The present invention relates to method of eliminating blue-green algae in lake and city landscape water area, and solves the technological problems of eliminating blue-green algae from water area, recovering and utilizing algae, and controlling blue-green algae growth to transfer nitrogen and phosphate in water in high efficiency and low cost. The technological scheme of the present invention is to spray water purifying agent with the stirrer running in the blue-green algae growing water and features that the water purifying agent consists of three kinds of flocculants, including bentonite, aluminum chloride polymer and cation type polyacrylamide. The floated flocculated matter is fished, dewatered and fermented into organic fertilizer, and the filtered out water is returned to the water area.

An energy-saving and environment-friendly sewage treatment device having the function of adjusting a mixing range comprises a pond body, wherein two mounting bases are symmetrically and fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the pond body, vertical reciprocating motion devices are fixedly connected to the mounting bases, each vertical reciprocating motion device comprises a supporting sleeve, the bottom ends of the supporting sleeves are fixedly connected with the mounting bases, cams are arranged in the supporting sleeves, first rotary shafts are fixedly connected to the middle positions of the cams, two ends of each first rotary shaft are erected on the side wall of the corresponding supporting sleeve, and the outer end of the first rotary shafts are fixedly connected with output shafts of first motors. Lifting rods are arranged on the cams in a contact mode, the top ends of the lifting rods are fixedly connected with supporting plates. Second motors are fixedly connected to the middle positions of the supporting plates, and second rotary shafts are fixedly connected to output shafts of the second motors. The energy-saving and environment-friendly sewage treatment device changes a flocculation range to achieve a sewage flocculation effect in a centrifugal mode, meets the sewage treatment demand and has a certain popularization and application value.

The invention discloses a low-cost domestic sewage treatment agent. The low-cost domestic sewage treatment agent contains polymerized ferric chloride, polyacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, bentonite, sodium chloride, lime, an adsorbate, sodium carbonate and a pH regulator. The treatment agent has the advantages that domestic sewage can be treated effectively, the cost is low, the effect is good, the pollution to ecological environment caused by the domestic sewage is alleviated, the removal ratio of suspended solids in the sewage reaches 98.3%, the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) removal ratio is 95.2%, the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal ratio is 96.8%, and the chroma is 5.

The invention provides energy-saving and environment-friendly sewage treatment equipment based on a quantitative uniform charging principle. The equipment includes a shell, the bottom of the shell is fixedly connected to a plurality of support legs, the shell is internally equipped with a vertically arranged first rotation shaft, the lower end of the first rotation shaft passes through the shell and extends downward, and the bottom end of the first rotation shaft is in fixed connection with a first motor output shaft. The equipment provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. a feeder is utilized to realize precise and quantitative adding of a flocculant each time, an operation worker can be reduced, manpower resources are saved, and the sewage treatment cost is reduced; 2. a draught fan introduces external air into a second cavity through an air inlet hose so as to perform pressurization treatment on the second cavity, so that the flocculant in the second cavity can be sprayed out evenly from spray holes and just can be mixed with sewage evenly sprayed out from water jet holes, thus greatly improving the mixing effect of sewage and the flocculant.

The invention provides a method for preparing decolouring flocculating agent for printing and dyeing wastewater. It comprises following steps: adding 6- 9 units dicyandiamide, 4- 1 units urea, 20 -26 units formaldehyde and 3.5- 7.5 untis ammonium chloride into autoclave equipped with reflux condensing unit, reacting at 40 -50 Deg. C for 1- 2 hours, heating to 80- 85 Deg. C and reacting for another 1.5- 2 hours, adding 66.5- 56.5 units newly prepared polymeric aluminum chloride solution (Al2O3%=12), cooling to 40- 50 Deg. C and reacting for 0.5- 1 hour, curing 24 hours and getting final product. The invention is characterized by good decoloring and flocculating effect, simple device and process, and low production cost.

The invention discloses a modifying agent for soda-alkalized paddy field soil. The modifying agent is prepared by mixing polyferric sulfate with polyaluminum sulfate according to the weight ratio of 1:(0.6-1.4) and is suitable for modifying severe soda-alkalized soil into a paddy field; and the modifying method comprises the following steps of: applying the modifying agent to the paddy field soil of the field prior to soil preparation, wherein the application rate is 5.6-18 tons per hectare of soil; carrying out normal soil preparation; and soaking and leaching the soil after the modifying agent is sufficiently mixed with the soil. Compared with the polyferric sulfate, the unit cost of the modifying agent for the soda-alkalized paddy field soil disclosed by the invention is reduced by 9.4-15% under the condition that the same effect is maintained; and compared with the aluminum sulfate soil modifying agent, the macromolecular polymer of the modifying agent has a better flocculation effect and higher modifying efficiency, and meanwhile, the concentration of activated aluminum of soil is controlled to be in a low-concentration level, which is harmless to crops.

The ABS sewage treating process includes the steps of: adding inorganic acid to regulate pH of sewage from ABS production to 6-8 while stirring; adding polyaluminum chloride in the amount of 50-200 ppm of ABS sewage while stirring; adding polyacrylamide in the amount of 1.7-6.7 ppm of ABS sewage while stirring; still standing to form water phase and settlings phase, and exhausting the water phaseto subsequent sewage treating field; and solid-liquid separation of the settlings with the liquid being returned to pH regulating step and the solid matter being recovered. The twice flocculation andsettlement separating process can eliminate SS content in ABS sewage and makes ABS sewage capable of being treated biochemically.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of chitosan modified talcum powder papermaking filler. The preparation method of chitosan modified talcum powder papermaking filler comprises the following steps of: 1) mixing talcum powder and water and stirring uniformly to obtain mixed liquid, wherein the talcum powder accounts for 5-15% of the mixed liquid by mass; 2) adding chitosan with viscosity of 30-950cps into an acetic acid solution, and stirring uniformly to obtain a chitosan-acetic acid solution with concentration of 2-7g / L; 3) mixing the mixed liquid obtained in the step 1 and the chitosan-acetic acid solution obtained in the step 2, and stirring at a speed of 300-1,100r / min for 5-100min, wherein the mass of the chitosan-acetic acid solution accounts for 1-11% of the total mass of the mixed solution; 4) continuously stirring the mixed solution obtained in the step 3, slowly dropwise adding a sodium hydroxide solution with mass fraction of 5%, and adjusting the pH value of the solution to 6-14; and 5) continuously stirring the solution obtained in the step 4 so that the chitosan molecules adsorbed on the filler surface are cured to form a layer of dense chitosan deposited film to obtain a modified filler suspension.

A process for preparing polysilicate flocculant includes such steps as adding the solution containing sodium silicate to acid, regulating pH=0.5-4, stirring, laying aside to obtain polysilic acid solution, mixing with metallic salt solution, stirring, regulating pH=0.5-4, and standing curing. Its advantages are low cost and environmental pollution.

The invention discloses a multistage settling and garden sewage regenerating system which comprises a flume, a blower, a precipitation treatment tank, an aeration clamping plate, a first partition board, a second partition board and a self-sucking pump, wherein the interior space of the precipitation treatment tank is divided into a subcritical flow settling region, a filtering region, a buffer region and a flocculating setting region by the aeration clamping plate, the first partition board and the second partition board, a subcritical flow slope inclining upwards is arranged at the bottom of the subcritical flow settling region, a cavity is formed inside the aeration clamping plate, an inflating pipe is arranged inside the cavity, the inflating pipe penetrates through the top of the aeration clamping plate to be connected with the blower, gate holes are formed in the two sides of the upper part of the aeration clamping plate, a composite filtering structure is arranged inside the filtering region, a flowing hole is formed in the first partition board, an overflow pipe is formed in the second partition board, the overflow pipe is positioned at the lower part of the flocculating setting region, a blow-off pipe and a water outlet pipe are arranged inside the flocculating setting region, and the water outlet pipe is connected with the self-sucking pump and connected in parallel to a flocculating agent conveying system. The multistage settling and garden sewage regenerating system provided by the invention can achieve continuous processing of garden sewage, the equipment investment is less, the running cost is low, the treatment efficiency is high, and the treatment effect is good.

The invention discloses a cationic flocculant and a preparation method thereof. The cationic flocculant is prepared by carrying out polymerization reaction on reaction monomers comprising a cationic monomer and a hydrophobic monomer under the action of a free-radical initiator, wherein the cationic monomer comprises one or combination of more of acryloyloxyethyl alkyl quaternary ammonium salts and / or allyl alkyl quaternary ammonium salts; the hydrophobic monomer comprises one or combination of more of styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane and acrylate; and the free-radical initiator comprises one or combination of more of azodiisobutyronitrile, azodiisohexyl cyanide, azodiisobutylamidine hydrochloride, cyclohexanone peroxide, benzoperoxide and persulfate. The flocculant can adsorb anionic dyes, has favorable affinity with electrically neutral organic matters or organic matters with a small amount of anions, and has excellent flocculating settling effect.

The invention discloses a purifying treatment agent for coal-washing wastewater and a preparation method thereof. The purifying treatment agent is prepared from the following materials in parts by weight: 30-40 parts of sepiolite, 15-20 parts of montmorillonite, 10-15 parts of medical stone, 15-20 parts of polyacrylamide, 5-10 parts of sodium polyacrylate, 3-6 parts of aluminium polychlorid, 2-4 parts of sodium lignin sulfonate, 3-5 parts of alum powder, 6-9 parts of ferrous sulfate, 8-12 parts of guar gum powder, 5-10 parts of nano carbon, 4-8 parts of porous calcium phosphate, 10-15 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 5-10 parts of sodium alginate, 2-3 parts of span-80, 1-2 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 1-2 parts of stearic acid and 0.5-1 parts of gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The purifying treatment agent disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the flocculation effect is good, impurity particles in coal-washing water can be rapidly agglutinate and settled, simultaneously heavy-metal elements in the coal-washing water can be absorbed, the purifying effect is very obvious, the water purifying effect is 4-6 times of that of the common flocculating agent; and the used amount is less, the efficiency is high, the cost is low, the benefit is high, the complete environmental-friendly effect is achieved and the application prospect is wide.

The invention provides a catalytic oxidation-compound flocculation integrated treatment process which aims to solve the problem that organic comprehensive waste water is difficult to treat because the organic comprehensive waste water contains organic substances difficult to biologically degrade. The treatment process integrates catalytic oxidation, Fenton oxidation, compound flocculation, high-efficiency precipitation and other technical advantages; a high-efficiency catalyst is used to improve the treatment efficiency or biodegradability; and a compound flocculant is used as the core to simplify the treatment process and ensure the stable treatment effect, thereby achieving the catalytic oxidation-compound flocculation integration. The invention has the characteristics of concise technical line, high treatment efficiency and simple operation process.

The invention provides a hydroximic acid-type polymeric flocculant for removing heavy metal ions in sewage and the macromolecule thereof has three chains of different structures; the first chain is at least one out of an acrylamide or a derivative thereof, wherein the total weight percentage of the monomer is 10-90wt%; the second chain is at least two out of a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid and hydroximic acid compound, wherein the total weight percentage of the monomer is 5-60wt%; the third chain is at least one out of a sulfur-contained, oxygen-contained or amido-contained lipid compound, wherein the total weight percentage of the monomer is 1-20wt%. The flocculant can effectively remove the heavy metal ions in sewage of electroplating, electronic and heavy metal industries, such as iron, copper, zinc, chrome, nickel, and the like, and the removal rate is more than 98%.

The invention provides an inverse emulsion synthesis method of polyacrylamide flocculent, which belongs to a macromolecular compound synthesis field. The invention utilizes the inverse emulsion method to synthesize the polyacrylamide flocculent. Firstly, the polymer emulsifier is prepared; then the water phase and oil phases are prepared, the polymer emulsifier is added into the oil phase, which is mixed and emulsified with the water phase; under the function of a polymerization initiator, the polyacrylamide flocculent emulsion is finally obtained through the chemical reaction. The mehtod of the invention utilizes the specialized polymer emulsifier to prepare the polyacrylamide flocculent emulsion, which has the advantages of a high concentration and a good stability.

The invention discloses a printing and dyeing waste water treatment process, and solves the problem the existing treatment effects of the printing and dyeing waste water are not good. The printing and dyeing waste water treatment process comprises the steps that 1, in the pretreatment process, impurities in the waste water are removed, and the decoloration process is conducted to a certain degree, and loads of subsequent treating processes are reduced; 2, in the biochemical treatment process, organic pollutants in waste water are degraded; 3, in the advanced treatment process, the impurities, the organic pollutants and chroma in the waste water are further removed. The problems in the prior art are well solved by the above scheme.

The invention relates to a chemical bond connected strong cationic grafted amphoteric chitosan flocculant which is obtained by grafting strong cationic monomers to amphoteric carboxymethyl chitosan in an acidic condition through copolymerization. The chemical bond connected strong cationic grafted amphoteric chitosan flocculant is in such a structure as follows: in the chemical bond connected strong cationic grafted amphoteric chitosan flocculant, degree of substitution of a carboxylic acid group is 5-90%, methylacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride is a strong cationic monomer, and polymethylacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride accounts for 5-80% by mass of the chemical bond connected strong cationic grafted amphoteric chitosan flocculant. The flocculant provided by the invention has amphoteric characteristics, so that not only is the flocculant property improved, but also the dissolving property is improved. The raw material chitosan is wide in source, natural, non-toxic and degradable. The flocculant has multiple functions of good flocculation effect, metal ion absorption, bacteriostasis, deodorization, decoloration, and effective reduction of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) value and the like.

The invention discloses a centrifugal sewage treatment device with an up-and-down reciprocating motion function. The centrifugal sewage treatment device comprises a pool body, wherein the outer side wall of the pool body is symmetrically and fixedly connected with two installation seats; each installation seat is fixedly connected with an up-and-down reciprocating motion device; each up-and-down reciprocating motion device comprises a support sleeve, the bottom end of each support sleeve is fixedly connected with the corresponding installation seat and a cam is arranged in each support sleeve; the middle of each cam is fixedly connected with a first rotating shaft; the two ends of each first rotating shaft are arranged on the side wall of the corresponding support sleeve; the outer end of each first rotating shaft is fixedly connected with a first motor output shaft; a lifting rod is in contact with the upper part of each cam and the top end of each lifting rod is fixedly connected with a support plate; and the middle of each support plate is fixedly connected with a second motor, and an output shaft of a second motor is fixedly connected with a second rotating shaft. The flocculation range is changed and the sewage flocculation effect is achieved through a centrifugal method; the condition that sewage treatment reaches the requirements is ensured; and the centrifugal sewage treatment device has a certain popularization and application value.

The invention discloses a preparation method of grafted amphoteric starch flocculants, which is implemented by carrying out graft copolymerization on cationic starches, acrylamide and an acrylic acid so as to obtain a grafted amphoteric starch flocculant, and the grafted amphoteric starch flocculant has the following structure shown in the abstract. The method disclosed by the invention has the following advantages that because a molecular chain is rich in anion-cation groups and has amphoteric characteristics, not only is the flocculation property of materials improved, and also the dissolving property of starches is improved; high polymer materials are wide in resource and low in cost, so that the grafted amphoteric starch flocculant has a high performance price ratio; starches have biodegradability and are non-toxic, so that starches do not produce secondary pollution to water bodies; the grafted amphoteric starch flocculant has various good effects such as flocculation, metal ion adsorption, bacteriostasis, deodorization, decoloring, and capability of effectively reducing the COD value; the grafted amphoteric starch flocculant has a characteristic of high efficiency, and is low in putting amount, and the putting amount is generally 0.1-10mg / L; and the the grafted amphoteric starch flocculant is suitable for treating water bodies with different charges, good in salt resistance and wide in applied pH range, and can be applied when the pH value is 1-12.

The invention discloses a treatment method of wastewater containing grease. The pH value of the wastewater is adjusted to 7.0-8.5 by adding a pH regulator, a wastewater treatment agent is added and then evenly stirred and mixed, and supernate is recovered after precipitation. The treatment agent can effectively process the wastewater containing grease, and is low in cost and good in effect, and pollution to an ecological environment caused by the wastewater containing grease is relieved. The grease content of the wastewater after being processed by the method disclosed by the invention can be up to below 12mg / L.

The invention relates to preparation and application of a novel high-polymer chelating agent which contains a heavy metal hazardous waste and is applied to stabilization treatment. The high-polymer chelating agent of the invention is an addition compound product of polyacrylamide and carbon disulfide, achieves good treatment effect on a solid or liquid waste and reaches the national waste landfill control standard. A synthesis process of the invention is simple, has low cost, can efficiently treat heavy metals in industrial or domestic garbage incineration wastes and is applied to a certain urban incineration fly ash curing enterprise.

The invention discloses a circulating zero-valent iron biofilter for strengthened treatment of rural domestic wastewater. The circulating zero-valent iron biofilter is structurally characterized in that a plurality of wastewater treatment units are arranged underground; the rural domestic wastewater is collected into the wastewater treatment units for circulating and strengthened treatment through a water pipeline system; the treated domestic wastewater is used as agricultural irrigation water or for supplementing groundwater or is directly discharged into a river; each wastewater treatment unit comprises a pretreatment pool, a circulating pool and a zero-valent iron biofilter; and the treatment units are structurally independent of one another and communicate through pipes. The circulating zero-valent iron biofilter has the advantages of low maintenance, low energy consumption, water quality impact resistance and high wastewater treatment efficiency; the advantages of intensive and ecological technical routes are coupled through only one pump, complicated drainage conditions of rural areas are coped with easily and the stability of effluent quality is ensured; and meanwhile, surface land resources are saved and the circulating zero-valent iron biofilter is simple and applicable, and is convenient to operate and manage and low in cost.

The invention relates to the chemical field and discloses a preparation method of acrylamide modified grafted corn cob. The preparation method comprises the following steps: the agricultural waste corn cob is used as a raw material, maleic anhydride is used to modify the corn cob, then ammonium persulfate is used as an initiator, N,N-methylene diacrylamide is used as a crosslinking agent to perform graft copolymerization with acrylamide to prepare the modified corn cob. The product has good stability and flocculation performance, the flocculating rate is up to 89.66%, and the product can be used as a flocculant; and the product has better development and application prospects in the water treatment field. By adopting the method, agricultural resources can be utilized reasonably, the added value of the agricultural product can be increased, environment protection can be favored and the sustainable development strategy is beneficial to realization.