The invention discloses an aerosol collection and separation device, which comprises a separator, an exhaust hood and a liquid collection cone, wherein the separator is a cylinder, and comprises a barrel, a screw shaft, a screw blade, a baffle, an air inlet, liquid collection holes and a lower flange; the exhaust hood comprises a cone and an exhaust outlet; the liquid collection cone comprises an inverted cone, a liquid outlet and an upper flange; the exhaust hood, the separator and the liquid collection cone are connected in a vertical penetration manner; the exhaust hood is connected with the separator in a welding manner; the liquid collection cone is connected with the separator through the upper flange. The invention further provides a method for performing gas-liquid collection and separation by utilizing the aerosol collection and separation device. The device and the method have the characteristics of high separation speed, high separation efficiency, high liquid holdup, low pressure loss, low scaling and blocking rate and firm structure.