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This application discloses a circuit device and method for monitoring the status of a light-controlled thyristor and reporting overvoltage protection. The device includes a BOD (Browser Overvoltage) action and overvoltage event identification and reporting unit and a passive thyristor status monitoring unit connected in parallel across the two ends of the light-controlled thyristor pair within the switch. The BOD action and overvoltage event identification and reporting unit uses an external BOD mirror to reflect the internal protection threshold and utilizes back-end logic to intelligently identify signals, simultaneously achieving reliable reporting of BOD overvoltage protection actions and independent detection of unexpected system overvoltage events. The high-capacitive reactance circuit of the passive thyristor status monitoring unit enables low-power, passive online monitoring of the light-controlled thyristor status, directly indicating the health of the light-controlled thyristor component. This application integrates three major functions: real-time component status monitoring, BOD protection action reporting, and intelligent overvoltage event identification. It features full fiber optic isolation, passive high reliability, and is an innovative front-end sensing and intelligent monitoring and reporting solution specifically designed for railway automatic phase-splitting electronic switches.