The invention discloses an energy-efficient railway traction power supply system, comprising a photovoltaic power station, a three-phase photovoltaic inverter, an YNd11 wiring boosting transformer, a traction transformer and a traction power supply system. The power output terminal of the photovoltaic power station is connected to the primary side port of the YNd11 wiring boosting transformer through the three-phase photovoltaic inverter, the secondary side port of the YNd11 wiring boosting transformer is connected to the traction power supply system, and the traction power supply system is also connected to the traction transformer connected to a power grid transmission line. The YNd11 wiring boosting transformer adopts an YNd11 wiring boosting transformer. According to the invention, the generation form of self-generation for self-use and residual power for grids is adopted, the residual power is consumed by grids under the condition of guaranteeing the normal operation of the traction power supply system, the structure is simple, and the investment cost is low.