The invention relates to a preparation method of a poly[2, 5-dyhydroxy-1, 4-phenylene pyridine diimidazole] polymer. The preparation method comprises two steps of prepolymerization reaction and post-polycondensation reaction. The reaction time of a prepolymer in a double-screw extruder is 10-60 minutes, and the double-screw extruder is provided with three temperature zones according to a sequence from a feeding port to a discharging port, wherein the temperatures of the tree temperature zones are respectively 160-180 DEG C, 180-190 DEG C and 190-200 DEG C. According to the preparation method, the double-screw extruder is used for carrying out the post-polycondensation reaction, and specific temperature and time are used for controlling parameters, so that the intrinsic viscosity [eta] of the PIPD polymer obtained in the end is 28-30dL/g, the molecular weight of the polymer is greatly increased, meanwhile, the stirring is facilitated, and the PIPD polymer can be easily conveyed and transferred to a spinning working section, thus the production efficiency is improved, and the production cost is reduced.