The invention discloses a rapid-hardening inorganic filling support material for mine. The support material consists of a component A and a component B, wherein the component A comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 93-97 parts of sulphoaluminate cement clinker, 2-5 parts of an XWZ-A type compound admixture, 0.01-0.1 part of an air entraining agent, 0.0-0.05 part of an air entraining admixture, 0.2-1.0 part of a foam stabilizer and 0.25-2 parts of fibers; and the component B comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75-88 parts of gypsum, 10-25 parts of lime, 2-5 parts of an XWZ-A type compound admixture, 0.01-0.1 part of an air entraining agent, 0.0-0.05 part of an air entraining admixture, 0.2-1.0 part of a foam stabilizer and 0.25-2 parts of fibers. The prepared filling support material disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of quick setting property, lightweight, rapid hardening property, early strength, high compressibility, high residual strength, good gas tightness and the like, and is particularly suitable for the mine filling support aspect.