418 results about "Chemical conversion" patented technology

The present invention provides: a steel sheet which contains Ni, Cu and Sn, and has excellent chemical conversion treatability; and a component which includes said steel sheet.　A steel sheet and a component including the same according to the present invention are characterized by having a chemical composition containing, in mass %, 0.010-1.000% of Ni, 0.010-1.000% of Cu, and 0.003-1.000% of Sn, and by the emission intensities of Ni, Cu, and Sn in the surface layer of the steel sheet as measured by high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry satisfying the following relationships.　Ni: Surface layer maximum intensity / Bulk intensity ≤ 1.5 Cu: Surface layer maximum intensity / Bulk intensity ≤ 1.3 Sn: Surface layer maximum intensity / Bulk intensity ≤ 15

The invention discloses a novel organic pollutant traceability model construction method based on multi-environment medium data, and aims to solve the problem of deformation compensation of source fingerprints in chemical conversion, interphase distribution and medium migration processes. According to the method, a constrained cost matrix is generated by constructing a micro-deformable kernel, hybrid expert gating weighting is carried out, capacity and rate constraints are injected, a shared potential source fingerprint is solved and introduced by adopting staged cascaded entropy regular optimal transmission joint, reverse optimal transmission and two-way cyclic consistency reconstruction and alignment are combined, and the optimal transmission performance is improved. The technical effects of obtaining the compensated source fingerprint and the source contribution rate and improving the cross-medium traceability accuracy and interpretability are achieved.

The present invention provides a steel sheet containing Ni, Cu, and Sn, which has excellent chemical conversion treatability, and a part including the steel sheet. The steel sheet and parts including the steel sheet of the present invention have a chemical composition containing, in mass%, Ni: 0.010 to 1.000%, Cu: 0.010 to 1.000%, and Sn: 0.003 to 1.000%, and are characterized in that the emission intensities of Ni, Cu, and Sn in the surface layer of the steel sheet, measured by high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, respectively satisfy the following relationships: Ni: Maximum surface strength / bulk strength ≦ 1.5 Cu: Maximum surface strength / bulk strength ≦ 1.3 Sn: Maximum surface strength / bulk strength ≦ 15

The utility model provides a formation tank aluminum foil cleaning device and a formation device, and belongs to the technical field of electrode foil formation equipment. When an aluminum foil penetrates through the lower portion of a cleaning press roller, pure water is injected into a cleaning tank, the cleaning press roller presses the aluminum foil into the cleaning tank, and the aluminum foil is cleaned with pure water in the forward movement process of the aluminum foil; the cleaning compression roller is provided with a through cavity, pure water enters the cleaning compression roller, and along with rotation of the cleaning compression roller, the water comes out of the water outlet holes to repeatedly clean the surface of the aluminum foil, so that the surface of the aluminum foil is cleaned up, and tank liquid in the formation tank is not prone to being polluted; the aluminum foil sequentially penetrates through the upper portion of the first transmission roller, the lower portion of the cleaning pressing roller and the upper portion of the second transmission roller, the cleaning pressing roller is located below the first transmission roller and the second transmission roller, water obtained after cleaning flows back into the cleaning tank along with the inclination angle of the aluminum foil, and the influence of pure water on the concentration of formation liquid is reduced; and water flowing back to the cleaning tank can be recycled, so that waste is reduced.

The invention relates to an Escherichia coli engineering strain for producing 2, 3-pentanediol as well as a construction method and application of the Escherichia coli engineering strain, and the method comprises the following steps: constructing recombinant plasmids pACYC-IlvA *-ThrA * BC for expressing an IlvA * gene of threonine deaminase, a ThrA gene of asparaginic acid kinase I, a Thr B gene of homoserine kinase and a ThrC gene of threonine synthetase; the method comprises the following steps: constructing a recombinant plasmid pRSF-Ilv2C-Aro10 for expressing an Ilv2C gene of acetohydroxy acid synthetase and an Aro10 gene of propiophenone dehydrogenase; and chemically converting the recombinant plasmid pACYC-IlvA *-ThrA * BC and the recombinant plasmid pRSF-Ilv2C-Aro10, and transferring the recombinant plasmid pACYC-IlvA *-ThrA * BC and the recombinant plasmid pRSF-Ilv2C-Aro10 into escherichia coli so as to obtain the escherichia coli engineering strain for producing the 2, 3-pentanediol. According to the escherichia coli engineering strain, the biosynthesis of 1.61 g / L of 2, 3-pentanediol is realized by using L-threonine and 40 g / L of glucose.

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of carbon nanosphere modified biomass monolithic composite porous carbon, and belongs to the field of energy and chemical industry, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, cutting pine into pine chips, drying, and carbonizing at high temperature to obtain a carbonized product; s2, dipping the carbonized product in a hydrochloric acid solution, then washing the carbonized product to be neutral, dehydrating the carbonized product, and polishing the dehydrated carbonized product; s3, putting the composite porous carbon into a glucose solution, carrying out vacuum-assisted impregnation, transferring into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization, drying, and carrying out constant-temperature chemical conversion; and S4, placing the composite porous carbon in a potassium bicarbonate solution for vacuum impregnation, drying and dehydrating, placing in a tubular furnace for constant-temperature chemical conversion to obtain a converted and carbonized product, impregnating in hydrochloric acid, washing, and drying. The specific surface area of the integral composite porous carbon is effectively increased, the electrode / electrolyte interface contact characteristic is remarkably optimized, and the pore channel space utilization rate and the energy storage performance are synchronously improved.

In a first aspect, a coating solution includes a soluble polymer and a crosslinking precursor. The soluble polymer includes an imide group. The crosslinking precursor includes a first amine group that is either reactive or passivated towards crosslinking and one or more additional amine groups, wherein the one or more additional amine groups has been passivated towards crosslinking such that the crosslinking precursor can be chemically converted, thermally converted, photo-converted or dissociated to form at least two reactive amines. In a second aspect, a process for forming a polymer film includes: (a) casting a coating solution, (b) activating the crosslinking precursor using an external stimulus to form at least two reactive amines and crosslink the polymer, and (c) drying the polymer film. The coating solution includes a soluble polymer, including an imide group, and a crosslinking precursor.

The invention provides a color-coated steel plate with heat-insulating, antibacterial and super-hydrophobic functions, which comprises a metal substrate, and a chemical conversion layer and a primer layer which are sequentially arranged on at least one surface of the metal substrate, and a composite functional finish paint layer is arranged on the primer layer; the composite functional finish paint layer comprises film-forming resin, a near-infrared reflection composite pigment, a dual-mode antibacterial agent and fluorinated nano silicon dioxide; the finishing coat layer in the color-coated steel plate has heat-insulating and antibacterial capabilities and a super-hydrophobic self-cleaning function at the same time; the invention also provides a preparation method of the color-coated steel plate, which comprises the following steps: carrying out surface pretreatment on the metal substrate to form the chemical conversion layer; coating the chemical conversion layer with a primer and carrying out first curing to form a primer layer; the primer layer is coated with finish paint coating, then multi-temperature-zone gradient curing is conducted, and a composite functional finish paint layer is formed; according to the preparation method, a multi-temperature-zone gradient curing process is adopted, the temperature of different curing stages is controlled, and a stable functional structure is constructed.

The invention belongs to the technical field of metal protection, and particularly discloses a gradient temperature-resistant coating system and an application method thereof.The method comprises the steps that a treated coating substrate is immersed in chemical conversion liquid for a reaction, and a compact chemical conversion film is formed on the surface of the substrate; uniformly dispersing metal powder in epoxy-organic silicon resin, spraying the epoxy-organic silicon resin on a substrate with a chemical conversion film, and drying to obtain a bottom layer; spraying a modified organic silicon resin coating on the bottom layer, and drying to obtain a middle layer; ultrasonically dispersing aerogel in ethanol to obtain aerogel suspension, and spraying the aerogel suspension on the middle layer to obtain the outer layer. According to the gradient temperature-resistant coating system disclosed by the invention, through the gradient structure design of strong combination of the bottom layer, temperature stabilization of the middle layer and strong reflection of the surface layer and the component synergistic effect, the technical barrier of dual-temperature-range protection and interlayer coordination is broken through, and the core problems of dual-temperature-range protection splitting, interlayer failure and poor structural durability are solved; and a systematic solution is provided for coating protection in an extreme high-temperature environment.

The invention discloses an automotive interior metal part spraying process based on a high-adhesion water-based paint, which comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out alkali washing and acid washing treatment on a metal part, so that the metal surface is clean and micro roughness is formed; then carrying out chemical conversion treatment by adopting a water-based conversion solution containing amino silane and epoxy silane to form a compact and uniform conversion film on the metal surface; then water-based prime coat is sprayed on the surface of the conversion film, the thickness of a dry film is controlled to be 3-8 microns, and good substrate binding force is provided after heating; the preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, spraying a water-based finishing coat taking hydroxy acrylic resin as a main body, adding a blocked isocyanate cross-linking agent, uniformly coating through an electrostatic spraying process, and finally curing under a sectional heating condition to obtain a coating with excellent durability; according to the present invention, the adhesion between the water-based paint and the metal base material is effectively improved, the durability of the paint film in the damp and hot salt mist environment is improved, the use of the organic solvent is reduced, and the advantages of environmental protection, low VOC emission and suitableness for industrial large-scale production are provided.

Provided is a steel sheet comprising a base steel sheet and a chemical conversion coating disposed on the surface of the base steel sheet. The steel sheet is characterized in that: the base steel sheet has a chemical composition containing, in mass%, 0.10-1.00% of Cr; and the S-maximum emission intensity and the Cr-maximum emission intensity of the chemical conversion coating as measured by a high-frequency glow discharge emission spectrometer (GDS) satisfy the relations of 1.1≤S-maximum emission intensity / S-emission intensity of base steel sheet≤20.0, and 1.1≤Cr-maximum emission intensity / Cr-emission intensity of base steel sheet≤5.0. Also provided is a component including the steel sheet.

Disclosed is an electrode comprising a catalyst and an ionic liquid, wherein the catalyst comprises a support and a compound represented by structural formula (I). Also disclosed are methods of making the electrode, and methods of electrochemically reducing CO2, CO, or CO2 / CO mixture to methanol using the electrode.

The present disclosure provides an electrocatalytic reactor and method of electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added products (VAPs) The electrocatalytic reactor includes Stainless Steel (SS), or Copper (Cu) or Copper alloy (Cu-alloy) electrodes, wherein one or more anode is an SS electrode, wherein the electrodes act as electrocatalyst, and acidified deionised water (H3O+) is used as electrolyte for generation of H2 gas through bulk electrocatalysis, wherein a catalyst initiator that includes 80% by weight of metal carbonates or bicarbonates of Mg or Na with 20% by weight of MgO is used to facilitate the reaction of the short-lived cation radical intermediates formed by C- C coupling reactions on the cathode surface leading to hydrolysis and VAPs formation with high specificity and selectivity.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a metallic material having a chemical conversion coating, which chemical conversion coating is formed to achieve excellent external appearance after chemical conversion treatment, as well as excellent corrosion resistance as evaluated by, for example, an exposure test or the VDA621-415 method after painting, and which chemical conversion coating can be used in a wide temperature range. The object is achieved by a method of producing a metallic material having a chemical conversion coating, the chemical conversion coating being formed on or over a surface of the metallic material, the method including: Step I of bringing the metallic material into contact with a chemical conversion treatment agent containing: a source of fluorine ions; a source A of ions containing zirconium; a source B of ions containing aluminum; and 0.0001 g / L to 1.000 g / L of a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer, or a salt thereof C, containing structural units represented by the following Formula (i) at not less than 90% by mole; and Step II of bringing the metallic material that has been brought into contact with the chemical conversion treatment agent, into contact with an aqueous solution with a pH of 4.0 to 12.0 at least once; wherein the value obtained by subtracting the value obtained according to the following Formula (2) from the value obtained according to the following Formula (1) is not less than 0.2. Ac+Bc×pH−2.78 D / 0.183×t / 1.55

The embodiment of the application provides a calcium superphosphate chemical conversion device capable of improving stirring rate, and relates to the technical field of phosphate fertilizer processing. The device comprises a mixing tank, a feeding port is arranged at the top end of the mixing tank, a first motor is arranged at the center position of the top end of the mixing tank, a rotating shaft is fixedly arranged on one side of the first motor, a first gear is fixedly arranged on one side of the rotating shaft, second gears are symmetrically and meshingly connected on the two sides of the first gear, and rotating rods are fixedly arranged on one side of the two second gears. Through the operation of the first motor, the rotating shaft is driven to rotate, the two second gears on the two sides are driven to rotate through the meshing of the first gear, and then the rotating rods are driven to rotate, the first stirring rod, the L-shaped rod and the second stirring rod are driven to synchronously rotate, the coverage area is improved through the first stirring rod, the L-shaped rod and the second stirring rod, and the stirring process is more uniform and efficient, and good sufficient stirring is achieved.

The invention discloses a whole genome methylation detection method based on MeDIP-MSRE, and belongs to the technical field of epigenetics detection. According to the method, methylation immunoprecipitation sequencing and a methylation sensitive restriction enzyme technology are innovatively combined, firstly, a methylation specific antibody is used for conducting immunoprecipitation on sample DNA, and whole genome methylation fragments are enriched; then carrying out enzyme digestion on the enriched product by adopting methylation sensitive restriction enzyme, specifically removing an unmethylated DNA region, and reserving a complete methylation sequence; and finally, constructing a methylation map through high-throughput sequencing. According to the method, traditional hydrosulfite chemical conversion is not needed, DNA damage and base conversion deviation caused by the traditional hydrosulfite chemical conversion are avoided, meanwhile, high sensitivity of MeDIP and high specificity of methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease are fused, and the fidelity, sensitivity and specificity of detection are remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of surface treatment, and discloses a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) treatment method for sawteeth. Comprising the following steps: carrying out alkaline electrolytic polishing treatment to obtain a flat surface, carrying out phosphating treatment after pickling neutralization to form a chemical conversion film, depositing a hard functional layer through PVD plating, carrying out surface cleaning and pretreatment to obtain a clean substrate, coating a heat-resistant base coat with a polymer to form a heat-resistant hard bottom layer, coating a wear-resistant surface coat with a polymer to form a wear-resistant protective layer, and curing to form a film to form an integrated structure. Through the synergistic effect of the five-layer composite protection structure, the sawtooth groove protection blind area is eliminated, the coating quality consistency is remarkably improved, the corrosion resistance time exceeds 2000 hours, the high-temperature softening limit is broken through, 100-180 DEG C stable work is achieved, the wear resistance is improved by one order of magnitude, meanwhile, functionality and durability are considered, and the service life is prolonged. And an effective technical solution is provided for long-term reliable application of the sawtooth workpiece under harsh working conditions.

This cylinder has an inner wall surface on which a piston with a piston ring slides, and a plurality of recessed portions (14) formed in a stroke central region of the inner wall surface (12) by laser processing such that the surface roughness of a bottom surface (14A) of each recessed portion (14) satisfies at least one of a first state in which a core-portion level difference (Rk) after polishing the bottom surface is less than 1.6 μm, a second state in which a protruding valley-portion depth (Rvk) after polishing the bottom surface is less than 1.3 μm, a third state in which the core-portion level difference (Rk) after performing a chemical conversion treatment and polishing on the bottom surface is less than 1.1 μm, and a fourth state in which the protruding valley-portion depth (Rvk) after performing the chemical conversion treatment and polishing on the bottom surface is less than 0.9 μm. Consequently, friction resistance is reduced, fuel efficiency is improved, or oil consumption is reduced.

Disclosed are a catalyst for producing synthesis gas through dry autothermal reforming reaction without a carbon dioxide capture process and a method of manufacturing the same, in which industrial process flue gas is directly utilized as reformer feedstock in a process for producing synthesis gas at a pilot demonstration (20 tons per year) scale through non-capture carbon dioxide chemical conversion by converting low-concentration carbon dioxide in industrial process flue gas and for implementing a carbon dioxide conversion process at a scale of 10,000 tons per year.

A novel method for artificial photosynthesis utilizing a chemical system that operates by harnessing visible light and directly capturing carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere. The system is based on self-organizing complexes comprising visible-light-sensitive chromophores, such as 2-phenyl indole and 2-phenyl benzoxazole, along with titanium tetrachloride, which autonomously perform continuous, complex chemical operations to produce long-chain (C2 to C17) oxygenated organic materials. The process employs earth-abundant metal coordination compounds, including titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and vanadium (V), in the solid state. These compounds form carbonated metal derivatives upon hydrolysis, which are subsequently reduced through proton transfer from water. The system initially generates C1 materials that oligomerize via a novel self-catalyzed mechanism intrinsic to the system's operation. Monitoring and characterization of the chemical transformations have been conducted using high-resolution MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometry, supported by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. This innovation represents a sustainable and scalable approach for converting atmospheric CO2 into valuable organic materials.

The invention provides a fluorination method of a PSMA radiopharmaceutical intermediate, and further provides a preparation method of an Al18F-labeled PSMA radiopharmaceutical preparation based on the fluorination method, and the fluorination method and the preparation method have the advantages that through adjustment of a reaction system, the purity of the PSMA radiopharmaceutical intermediate is improved, and the purity of the PSMA radiopharmaceutical preparation is improved. The preparation method of the PSMA radiopharmaceutical preparation marked by the Al18F has the advantages that marking time efficiency, radiochemical purity of a final product, radiochemical conversion rate and product yield are guaranteed, requirements on fluorination reaction temperature in a marking process are effectively lowered, and the preparation method of the PSMA radiopharmaceutical preparation marked by the Al18F based on the fluorination method is good in applicability, thorough in reaction and high in yield. New impurities are not introduced into the final product due to reduction of the reaction temperature or adjustment of a reaction system, and the preparation method can further reduce and control the variety and content of the impurities in the final product, so that the medication safety of patients is further ensured. In addition, the final product preparation product obtained by the fluorination method or the preparation method provided by the invention has good inter-batch uniformity, and has good stability under the storage conditions of 30 DEG C + / -2 DEG C and 40 DEG C + / -2 DEG C.

The invention relates to an anode foil and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: sequentially carrying out pretreatment, primary formation treatment and secondary formation treatment on a corrosion foil; wherein the pretreatment comprises steam oxidation pretreatment, and high-temperature steam is adopted for carrying out steam oxidation treatment on the etched foil; the first-stage formation treatment comprises the step of carrying out first anodic oxidation on the pretreated corrosion foil in a first electrolyte; the first electrolyte comprises organic acid and organic ammonium salt; the second-stage formation treatment comprises the step of carrying out second anodic oxidation on the corroded foil subjected to the first-stage formation treatment in a second electrolyte, wherein the second electrolyte comprises organic acid and phosphate. The surface oxidation film performance of the anode foil is improved, the leakage current of the anode foil is reduced, and the service life of the anode foil is prolonged.

The invention relates to the technical field of pyrolysis gasification, in particular to a biomass directional gasification and synthesis gas quality improvement system which comprises a raw material intrinsic feature analysis module, a path decision and scheme generation module, a primary synthesis gas preparation module, a quality fingerprint acquisition module, a deviation feature extraction module and a gasification path deviation correction module. Analyzing intrinsic characteristic data of the biomass raw material; a gasification reaction path of the intrinsic characteristic data is decided, and a predictive gasification control scheme is obtained; directionally guiding thermal chemical conversion to obtain primary synthesis gas flow; analyzing the key component concentration and tar characteristic molecular marker content in the primary synthesis gas flow to obtain synthesis gas quality real-time fingerprint data; performing coupling degree analysis on the synthesis gas quality real-time fingerprint data and an expected orientation path to obtain an overall deviation characteristic; performing path deviation correction on the actual reaction path of the primary synthesis gas flow to obtain a high-quality synthesis gas product; the method can improve the quality of the synthesis gas.

The utility model relates to a flexible autorotation tool for preparing a chemical conversion film, and belongs to the field of tool clamp manufacturing. The utility model aims to provide a flexible autorotation tool for preparing a chemical conversion film, which is used for breaking the condition of mutual contact between parts and effectively improving the quality of a chemical oxidation film layer. The utility model discloses a flexible autorotation tool for preparing a chemical conversion film. The tool comprises a hanging rod, a flexible connecting piece and a tool main body, one end of the hanging rod is provided with a hook connected with the hanging bracket, and the other end is connected with the tool main body through a flexible connecting piece; parts are loaded in the tool body, and water leakage holes are formed in the surface of the tool body. The utility model has the following advantages: the condition of mutual contact between rivets is broken, and the quality of a chemical oxidation film layer is effectively improved.

The present invention relates to a method for transferring heat to a target process in a chemical production plant, the method comprising (i) providing a first process stream (1) having a temperature T1; (ii) transferring heat from a chemical conversion process, from a physicochemical process, from ambient heat, or from a combination of two or more thereof, to the first process stream provided in (i), for obtaining a heated first process stream (3) having a temperature T2, wherein T2>T1; (iii) conducting the target process with the heated first process stream obtained in (ii); wherein the target process is different from the chemical conversion process, from the physicochemical process, or from the combination of the chemical conversion process and the physicochemical process from which heat is transferred according to (ii). According to the method of the present invention, a coefficient of performance of greater than 1 can be achieved.

To provide a lubricant composition for plastic working that enables processing without a chemical conversion coating even in severe plastic working such as forging of steel or stainless steel and that forms a coating exhibiting excellent working lubricity even when exposed to a moisture-absorbing environment.SOLUTION: A lubricant composition for plastic working comprises a polymer A having a polyamide chain and a polyalkylene oxide chain within one molecule, and one or more inorganic substances B selected from a smectite clay mineral and an inorganic oxide represented by aMxOy-bSiO2-cH2O, where a, b, and c are rational numbers satisfying 0≤a≤3, 0≤b≤4, 0≤c≤5, and 1≤a+b, x and y satisfy x=2 and y=1, or x=y=1, or x=2 and y=3, and M is Mg or Al.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Provided is a steel sheet comprising a base material steel sheet and a chemical conversion coating provided to the surface of the base material steel sheet, and characterized in that: the base material steel sheet has a chemical composition including, in terms of mass%, 0.10-1.00% Cr; the Cr maximum emission intensity in the chemical conversion coating measured by means of a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy device (GDS) satisfies the relationship expressed by Cr maximum emission intensity / Cr emission intensity of base material steel sheet < 1.10; and in an X-ray diffraction of the surface of the base material steel sheet, the half-value width of a ferrite phase peak present at 2θ = 45.6 ± 0.2° is 0.3° or more. Further provided is a component including the steel sheet.

The invention discloses a method for catalyzing polyester depolymerization by halogen salt substances. The method comprises the following step: carrying out chemical depolymerization reaction on polyester or a polyester-containing composite material in diester carbonate under the condition of taking a halogen salt substance as a catalyst. The method has the advantages of high efficiency, greenness, mild reaction conditions and the like, polyester can be depolymerized to generate the polyester monomer, a new method is provided for chemical conversion of waste polyester plastic, and the method has high industrial application value.

The present invention relates to a member and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a hot press molded member having excellent chemical conversion processability and a method for manufacturing the same.

To provide a battery case for a secondary battery, which can suppress corrosion of a steel plate in a processed portion when it comes into contact with an electrolyte for the secondary battery. [Solution] The present invention relates to a battery case for a pouch-type secondary battery made of a surface-treated steel sheet, and the surface of the surface-treated steel sheet that will become the inner surface of the battery case has an Sn-based alloy plating layer located on the surface of a base steel sheet, a chemical conversion coating layer located on the Sn-based alloy plating layer and containing at least Zr, and a resin layer located on the chemical conversion coating layer and containing a polyolefin-based resin, and the Sn-based alloy plating layer has islands of Sn formed on an Fe-Ni-Sn alloy layer, and the amount of Sn in metal equivalent is 0.10 to 10.00 g / m 2 Sn in the range of 2 to 200 mg / m as metal Ni equivalent 2 The mass of Zr per unit area in the chemical conversion coating layer is 1.0 to 100.0 mg / m 2 The thickness of the resin layer is in the range of 10 to 100 μm.