106 results about "Ion permeability" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of ultra-high-performance concrete materials, in particular to a low-carbon gold tailing-based ultra-high-performance concrete material suitable for a large-gradient pavement and a preparation method of the low-carbon gold tailing-based ultra-high-performance concrete material. According to the invention, the multi-stage gold tailings and the machine-made sand are adopted to replace quartz sand in a traditional ultra-high performance concrete material, and a low-carbon cementing material prepared from a large amount of solid waste and a limited early strength activator is adopted to replace traditional high-grade cement with a large mixing amount and is cooperated with a composite admixture and steel fibers; and the low-cost and environment-friendly ultra-high performance concrete material is prepared. The ultrahigh concrete material prepared by the invention has high compressive strength, high breaking strength, high toughness and excellent freezing resistance and chloride ion permeability resistance, and also has the performance of autonomously expanding flow, thereby meeting the construction requirements of cast-in-place of ultrahigh-performance concrete in a large-gradient pavement scene.

The invention discloses a non-autoclaved prestressed concrete pipe pile and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the field of fish culture. According to the autoclave-free prestressed concrete pipe pile and the pipe pile preparation method, through collaborative innovation of a material system and process design, comprehensive breakthrough is achieved in the aspects of mechanical properties, environmental protection benefits and environmental adaptability; in the aspect of technical performance, the hydration activity in a low-temperature environment is remarkably improved due to introduction of the phosphorus slag and the composite exciting agent in the cementing material, so that the compressive strength of the pipe pile in 28 days in the environment of-20 DEG C reaches 95% or above of a standard value (embodiment 3: 98.0 MPa), and meanwhile, the compactness of concrete is improved by 20% or above due to optimal grading of the nickel ore slag sand and the two-graded broken stone; after 300 times of freezing and thawing cycles, the mass loss is only 2.8% (embodiment 1), the chloride ion permeability coefficient is as low as 1.4 * 10 <-12 > m < 2 > / s, and the anti-permeability and durability are obviously superior to those of a traditional autoclaved pipe pile (contrast experiment: freezing and thawing loss rate reaches 46%).

Provided is a versatile nonwoven fabric having excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength and applicable to applications requiring heat resistance; or a nonwoven fabric having excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength, and permeability. Moreover, provided is a separator for electrochemical elements having excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength. Furthermore, provided is a membrane support having excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength, and ion permeability.The nonwoven fabric of the present invention comprises a polymethylpentene component and a polyethylene component, wherein the polyethylene component is fused, and wherein the polymethylpentene component accounts for 30% by volume or more of the total fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric, and the polyethylene component accounts for 30% by volume or more of the total fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric. The separator for electrochemical elements of the present invention comprises the nonwoven fabric. Another nonwoven fabric of the present invention comprises core-sheath composite fibers having a polyethylene component as a sheath component and a polymethylpentene component as a core component, wherein the polyethylene component as the sheath component of the core-sheath composite fiber is fused, wherein the polymethylpentene component accounts for 30% by volume or more of the total fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric, and the polyethylene component accounts for 30% by volume or more of the total fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric, wherein a thickness of the nonwoven fabric is 100 μm or less, and the nonwoven fabric has a direction with a tensile strength per mass per unit area of 2.0 N / 5 cm-width or more, or wherein a ratio (L / D) of a fiber diameter (D, unit: μm) to a length (L, unit: μm) of the core-sheath composite fiber is 350 or more. The membrane support of the present invention comprises the other nonwoven fabric.

The embodiment of the invention provides a dotted array coating battery diaphragm which comprises a diaphragm base material and a polymer coating coated on the surface of at least one side of the diaphragm base material, and the polymer coating comprises a plurality of crater shapes which are provided with peripheral bulges and truncated cone-shaped bulges with concave centers, and the dotted coatings are arranged on the surface of the diaphragm base material to form a dotted array. According to the dot-shaped array coating battery diaphragm, the crater structure of the dot-shaped coating is creatively designed, accumulation of polymers at coating points is effectively reduced, the influence on the performance of the battery diaphragm after hot pressing is correspondingly small, the battery diaphragm can meet the requirement for the bonding strength with a battery pole piece, and meanwhile the battery diaphragm can be used for manufacturing the battery pole piece. The composite material has good ion permeability, wettability and air permeability, and better performance balance is achieved. The embodiment of the invention also provides a preparation method of the dotted array coating battery diaphragm and a secondary battery containing the dotted array coating battery diaphragm.

The invention belongs to the technical field of building material and solid waste resource utilization, and relates to a high-durability and high-toughness slag powder-steel slag powder quaternary synergistic excitation-reinforcing agent and a preparation method of gel system mortar. The quaternary synergistic excitation-reinforcing agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 4-16 parts of sodium hydroxide, 79 parts of sodium silicate, 4-16 parts of aluminum sulfate and 60 parts of metakaolin, and the sum of the mass parts of the sodium hydroxide and the aluminum sulfate is 20. According to the quaternary synergistic excitation-reinforcing agent, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are used as main excitants, and aluminum sulfate serving as a function regulator and metakaolin serving as a high-activity aluminum-silicon source and a micro aggregate are introduced to serve as synergistic reinforcing components; the four components cooperate to jointly form an excitation-reinforcement composite system with high durability and high toughness; the sulfate erosion resistance, the chloride ion penetration resistance, the carbonization resistance, the toughness and the impact resistance of the slag powder-steel slag powder cementing system mortar are improved.

The invention discloses concrete with anti-freezing performance and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of concrete. The invention aims to solve the problems that the porosity of an interface transition area is high, hydration products are easy to degrade and the anti-freezing and anti-permeation performances are insufficient under the working conditions of high altitude, low air pressure, strong ultraviolet rays and salt-freezing synergy of the existing large-dosage fly ash concrete. The concrete is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of cement, 100 to 150 parts of coal ash, 280 to 320 parts of fine aggregate, 1000 to 1200 parts of modified basalt coarse aggregate, 1.5 to 3.5 parts of polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, 0.2 to 0.6 part of PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) coated chitosan quaternary ammonium salt microspheres, 0.05 to 0.25 part of chitosan grafted nano cerium oxide composite particles, 1.0 to 3.0 parts of bacillus pseudofirmus microcapsule-polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture and 0.03 to 0.12 part of trisodium citrate. Through the synergistic effect of all the components, the interface structure of the concrete is effectively optimized, the ultraviolet aging resistance, the salt-freezing synergistic damage resistance and the chloride ion infiltration resistance are improved, the high-altitude severe service condition is adapted, and reliable material support is provided for high-altitude infrastructure construction.

The invention relates to a high-strength impervious concrete waterproofing agent and a preparation process thereof, the waterproofing agent is prepared by mixing the raw materials of modified silica fume, nanoscale active SiO2, a composite expanding agent, ettringite crystal matrix, acrylate copolymerized rubber powder, a polycarboxylate superplasticizer, a rare earth activator and hydroxyl silicone oil emulsion through specific process steps. Wherein the modified silica fume, the nano-scale active SiO2, the composite expanding agent and other key components are all prepared by adopting a special preparation method, so that the performance of the modified silica fume, the nano-scale active SiO2 and the composite expanding agent is enhanced. The preparation process comprises the following steps: preheating the modified silica fume, premixing the nano material, forming a complex, mixing at a low speed, adding the rubber powder and the water reducing agent, introducing the rare earth exciting agent, carrying out vacuum degassing, curing and the like, and finally obtaining the high-strength impervious concrete waterproof agent with excellent performance. The waterproof agent has the performance of remarkably improving the compressive strength, breaking strength, wear resistance, chloride ion permeability resistance and the like of concrete, and is suitable for concrete engineering with high-strength anti-permeability requirements.

The invention belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a proton exchange membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method of the proton exchange membrane comprises the step of blending functional resin and an additive to form a membrane, the functional resin comprises one or a combination of perfluorosulfonic acid resin, polybenzimidazole resin, polyether-ether-ketone resin, polyimide resin, polyether sulfone resin and polysulfone resin; the additive is sulfonated MXene; in percentage by mass, the ratio of the functional resin is 80 to 99.9 percent, and the ratio of the additive is 0.1 to 20 percent. The proton exchange membrane prepared by the invention has low ion permeability, high proton conductivity and excellent ion selectivity and mechanical property.

This invention discloses a high-precision patterned hydrogel, its preparation method, and a flexible electronic device. The preparation method of the high-precision patterned hydrogel includes the following steps: using a buffer solution containing polyethylene glycol thiol derivatives and hydrogen peroxide as a prepolymer solution (prepolymer solution 1), applying the prepolymer solution 1 to the surface of a substrate, and reacting to obtain a substrate with a thin film; using an aqueous solution containing a monoene water-soluble monomer, a diene water-soluble monomer, a water-soluble photoinitiator, and a polymerization inhibitor as a prepolymer solution (prepolymer solution 2), immersing the substrate with the first thin film in the prepolymer solution 2; after immersion, washing and solvent removal to obtain a substrate with a dry film; photolithographically patterning the substrate with the dry film, and then removing unexposed areas with a developer to obtain the high-precision patterned hydrogel. This invention can effectively improve the precision of the patterned hydrogel, while also giving the high-precision patterned hydrogel high biocompatibility and ion permeability.

The invention discloses a method for separating and enriching lithium isotopes by using a graphene oxide membrane. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a lithium isotope separation and enrichment system by adopting a lithium salt aqueous solution, water and a graphene oxide membrane; wherein the graphene oxide film is composed of a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, and the interlayer spacing d of the graphene oxide sheets in the graphene oxide film is 0.4 nm to 1.5 nm; the graphene oxide film is arranged between the lithium salt aqueous solution and water; and after the lithium ions in the lithium isotope separation and enrichment system are fully migrated, separation and enrichment of the lithium isotopes are realized. According to the method, the interlayer spacing of the graphene oxide film is regulated and controlled in multiple modes of cation control, heat treatment, humidity regulation and control, chemical modification and the like, then the radius subtle difference of the isotope ions is introduced through lithium, and efficient separation of the isotope ions is achieved through an ion permeability experiment.

The present application provides an ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin separator comprising ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene having an average molecular weight of ≥ 1 million, wherein the ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin separator has a median pore size of 0.04 μm to 1 μm, a maximum pore size not exceeding 1.2 μm, and a puncture strength of ≥ 50 gf. The present application also provides a method for producing the ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin separator, which is safer than conventional nonwoven fabric separators and has higher ionic conductivity and a larger median pore size, thereby solving the problem that conventional nonwoven fabric separators in lithium batteries have high lithium ion permeability but are very dangerous and prone to short-circuiting the battery.

The present application relates to a kind of in situ low-temperature confined carbonization construction carbon dot enrichment coating layer manganese-based positive electrode material and its preparation method, by accurately coordinating the evolution condition of carbon point carbon source in the mixing system environment of coating process, freezing condition and sublimation and carbonization, realize the whole process synergistic control of carbon point carbon source spatial distribution, ice crystal template state, skeleton construction of controlled conversion of carbon point carbon source and harmful residue removal on the surface of manganese-based positive electrode material, successfully constructed the carbon dot enrichment coating layer of size controllable, density adjustable, ion permeability good and interface combination firm on the surface of manganese-based positive electrode material, to realize the synergistic promotion of manganese-based positive electrode material cycle performance, rate performance and interface stability.

A single-use disposable potentiometric reference sensor includes an insulating base substrate; a reference electrode disposed on the insulating base substrate, wherein the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode; an inner layer disposed on the reference electrode, wherein the inner layer is an amorphous salt layer including an amorphous polysaccharide and a salt having equally-mobility cations and anions; and a semi-permeable cover membrane disposed over the inner layer, wherein the semi-permeable cover membrane has water vapor and ion permeability.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biofouling prevention sensors, and particularly relates to a polymer film sensing chip as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The polymer film sensing chip provided by the invention comprises a flexible substrate, an indicator electrode conducting layer, an indicator electrode sensing film, a reference electrode conducting layer, a reference electrode sensing film and a flexible packaging layer which are arranged on the surface of the flexible substrate, and a self-adhesion hydrogel layer arranged on the outermost layer, the material of the self-adhesion hydrogel layer comprises catechol type hydrogel, chitosan type adhesion hydrogel, polypeptide type hydrogel or hyaluronic acid type hydrogel. The self-adhesion hydrogel layer in the polymer film sensing chip provided by the invention contains a large number of hydrophilic functional groups and has excellent hydrophilic performance, and a water layer structure can be formed between the surface of the polymer film and fouling organisms so as to hinder the adhesion of the fouling organisms. The polymer film sensing chip provided by the invention has good ion permeability and mechanical strength, and can effectively inhibit adhesion of fouling substances.

The present application relates to the technical field of concrete, in particular to a high-performance concrete mixture for power plants and a construction method thereof. The interface-hydration synergistic regulation technology is adopted, in which cementitious materials, water, river sand and continuously graded gravel are used as the matrix, and poly-carboxylic acid water reducing agent, crystal nucleus slurry A / B and zwitterionic-hydrophobic copolymer brush modified silica particle B are alternately added in stages to pre-coat and synchronously disperse the coarse aggregate, so that the concrete with long-time slump retention, low bleeding, high early and long-term strength, significantly reduced electric flux and chloride ion permeability, improved sulfate erosion resistance and volume stability is obtained under the conventional mixing and pumping conditions. The in-mold temperature, layered pouring thickness, vibration frequency and curing time limit are specified to ensure the engineering implementability and durability, and the concrete is suitable for power plant structures in high-temperature, high-humidity and chlorine-containing environments, and the construction is reliable and the maintenance is convenient.

The invention discloses film bag concrete suitable for a marine environment and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of concrete. According to the membrane bag concrete, by optimizing raw material preparation and membrane bag material preparation, the compressive strength, the chloride ion permeability resistance, the seawater corrosion resistance and the membrane bag permeability resistance are remarkably improved. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing raw materials: based on the Portland cement, adding the fly ash, the silica fume, the nano calcium carbonate, the nano titanium dioxide and the anode mixed corrosion inhibitor, and uniformly stirring and mixing; preparing a film bag material: mixing bentonite and an iron-based nano material for reaction to prepare a film bag; mixing the concrete slurry: uniformly stirring the raw material slurry at a specific speed; filling and forming a film bag: pouring the slurry into the film bag, and vibrating and compacting. The embodiment shows that the compressive strength of the concrete reaches 65.1 MPa, the chloride ion migration coefficient is as low as 1.5 * 10 <-12 > m < 2 > / s, the mass loss rate is 0.39%, the membrane bag water seepage amount is 4.9 g / m < 2 >, and the concrete is far superior to traditional marine concrete. The invention provides a high-durability material solution for ocean engineering.

The invention relates to an epoxy adhesive for assembling bridge segments in a marine environment and a preparation method, the epoxy adhesive comprises a component A and a component B. The component A comprises epoxy resin, modified epoxy resin, a reactive diluent, a thixotropic agent, a coupling agent, a defoaming agent, an ultraviolet light absorber and a filler; the epoxy resin comprises bisphenol A type epoxy resin, hydrogenated bisphenol A type epoxy resin and bisphenol F type epoxy resin, and the reactive diluent is C12-C14 alkyl glycidyl ether; the component B comprises a modified amine curing agent, a thixotropic agent and a filler, and the filler is formed by compounding different grades of active silica micropowder. Through molecular hydrophobic design, physical structure dense filling and interface chemical bonding, the adhesive has excellent wet concrete adhesion, extremely low chloride ion permeability, excellent damp-heat aging resistance and balanced construction manufacturability, and solves the problem of durability of a joint of a segment assembled bridge in a marine environment.

The application belongs to the technical field of all-vanadium redox flow battery separators, and specifically discloses a sulfonated polyether ether ketone / polyaniline composite membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing polyether ether ketone with concentrated sulfuric acid, heating and reacting in a water bath, and preparing sulfonated polyether ether ketone solids; mixing molybdenum disulfide with toluene, ultrasonicating, adding 1,3-propanesultone, and heating in an oil bath to prepare sulfonated molybdenum disulfide powder; mixing the sulfonated molybdenum disulfide powder, polyaniline and a DMF solution, stirring and ultrasonicating, adding sulfonated polyether ether ketone solids, stirring to obtain casting membrane slurry, coating on a glass plate, drying into a film, sequentially immersing in a sulfuric acid solution and deionized water, and obtaining the sulfonated polyether ether ketone / polyaniline composite membrane. The application discloses a sulfonated polyether ether ketone / polyaniline composite membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The sulfonated polyether ether ketone / polyaniline composite membrane has high proton conductivity, can maintain a low vanadium ion permeability, and improves the electrochemical performance of an all-vanadium redox flow battery.

Provided is a laminate for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery superior in ion permeability under applied pressure. A laminate for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in accordance with the present disclosure, including a porous layer and a particle layer provided on at least one surface of the porous layer, the laminate satisfying the following Formula (1):Ra / Sa≥0.80  (1)(in the Formula (1), Ra represents an arithmetic mean roughness [μm] measured by contact-type measurement on a surface on which the particle layer is provided and Sa represents an arithmetic mean roughness [μm] measured by noncontact-type measurement on the surface on which the particle layer is provided.)

The invention belongs to the technical field of separation membranes, and particularly relates to a flexible ZIF-8 base membrane capable of being repeatedly bent for use and a preparation method and application thereof.The method comprises the steps that 1, beta-cyclodextrin and a polydopamine solution are prepared into a Tris-HCl buffer solution, a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane is subjected to ultrasonic treatment and drying in ethyl alcohol and deionized water, immersed in the buffer solution and stirred, and a membrane suspension is obtained; washing with deionized water, and drying; 2, dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in methanol to prepare a solution A, dissolving 2-methylimidazole and sodium dihydrate in methanol to prepare a solution B, and rapidly adding the solution A into the solution B to obtain a ZIF-8 precursor solution; and 3, vertically putting the membrane obtained in the step 1 into a reaction kettle, transferring the ZIF-8 precursor solution into the reaction kettle, carrying out high-temperature reaction to prepare a ZIF-8 base membrane, washing with methanol, and carrying out air drying. The problems that a separation membrane cannot give consideration to both ion permeability and selectivity, the membrane forming flexibility is insufficient, and the separation performance is reduced after the membrane is repeatedly bent are solved.

The invention provides an electrolyte additive and application, the electrolyte additive comprises a compound with a structure shown in a formula 1, X and Y are respectively and independently selected from R1 and R2, and are respectively and independently selected from a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted-CH2-and substituted or unsubstituted-CH2-CH2-. The electrolyte additive disclosed by the invention contains the compound with the structure as shown in the formula 1, and the keto-carbonyl group can be coordinated with metal ions in electrolyte salt, so that the additive can move to the surface of an electrode along with current to generate electrochemical reaction on the surface of the electrode; in addition, an open ring of a cyclic ketone structure is polymerized and crosslinked with organic matters in the battery or self to form a double-electrolyte salt organic film with good stability, high structural strength and good ion permeability, so that the high-temperature storage and high-temperature cycle performance of the battery is improved.

The invention discloses anti-corrosion, anti-rust, anti-seepage and anti-crack concrete prepared from a nano material, and relates to the technical field of building materials. The concrete comprises the following components: cement, fly ash, mineral powder, nano silicon dioxide, nano zinc oxide, nano calcium carbonate, aggregate, an organic-inorganic composite corrosion inhibitor, a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and water. Through filling microcracks with the nanometer material, dual protection of reinforcing steel bars with the corrosion inhibitor and hydrophobic treatment of aggregate, the chloride ion permeability of the concrete is reduced, the 28-day shrinkage rate is reduced, the corrosion resistance, rust resistance, impermeability and crack resistance of the concrete are effectively improved, and the concrete is suitable for high-corrosion environments such as a marine environment and a salinized soil environment.

The aim of the present invention is to provide an alkaline water electrolysis membrane having good gas barrier property, which can maintain hydrophilicity during operation in long-term electrolysis, inhibit the reduction in ion permeability caused by bubble attachment, and improve the hydrogen production efficiency during the long-term operation of an alkaline electrolytic cell. The alkaline water electrolysis membrane is an electrolysis membrane capable of inhibiting the reduction of hydrophilicity thereof during long-term use and achieving a high production yield of hydrogen. The electrolysis membrane comprises: a porous support, and a porous resin containing a surfactant.

The invention discloses a modified sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone proton exchange membrane as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The modified sulfonated polyetheretherketone proton exchange membrane comprises sulfonated polyetheretherketone with the sulfonation degree of 85-90% and a triazine biphenyl compound with an isocyanate group. The mass ratio of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone to the triazine biphenyl compound with the isocyanate group is 100: (5-10). According to the proton exchange membrane, sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone is modified through a triazine biphenyl compound with an isocyanate group, under the condition that good proton conductivity is kept, the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of the high-sulfonation-degree polyether-ether-ketone proton exchange membrane can be effectively improved, the vanadium ion permeability is reduced, and the proton exchange membrane has good comprehensive use performance. The diaphragm can be used for a hydrogen fuel cell or a hydrogen production electrolytic cell.

A single-use disposable potentiometric reference sensor includes an insulating base substrate, a reference electrode disposed on the insulating base substrate where the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode, an internal layer disposed on the reference electrode where the internal layer is an amorphous salt layer that includes an amorphous polysaccharide and a salt having equi-mobility cations and anions, and a semipermeable cover membrane disposed over the internal layer where the semipermeable cover membrane has water vapor and ion permeability.

The present invention relates to a battery cell (1) for a battery system (2) for a motor vehicle (3), comprising a cell housing (4) through which a cell interior (5) with a first interior region (5a) and a second interior region (5b) is formed, an anode (6) arranged in the first interior region (5a), a cathode (7) arranged in the second interior region (5b), and a separator (8) separating the first interior region (5a) from the second interior region (5b) in an ion-permeable manner, wherein the separator (8) is designed to be fusible. A heating wire (9) is arranged in the cell interior (5), wherein the heating wire (9) is designed to melt the separator (8) in such a way that ion permeability of the separator (8) can be reduced. The invention further relates to a battery system (2) for a motor vehicle (3) and to a motor vehicle (3) with an electric drive system (13).

The invention discloses a thermal stable diaphragm material for a lithium ion battery and a preparation method of the thermal stable diaphragm material, and the material solves the key problems of easy thermal runaway, deformation shrinkage, channel blockage and the like of the existing diaphragm under extreme working conditions by synergistically constructing a three-dimensional composite structure with high thermal stability, mechanical flexibility and ion permeability. The flexible lithium battery diaphragm has good large-scale preparation capability and engineering application prospect, cement which is a traditional building material is introduced into a flexible lithium battery diaphragm system for the first time, and a multi-scale synergistic ion guide channel system is constructed by utilizing the high thermal stability and natural porosity of the cement and combining a polymer flexible phase and an in-situ foaming process. The strategy not only realizes the morphological stability and thermal protection capability of the material under a high-temperature condition, but also significantly improves the ion permeability and interface electrochemical suitability, and breaks through the problem of performance balance between thermal stress and flexibility of the existing polyolefin and inorganic coating diaphragm. Besides, the whole system adopts low-cost raw materials, the preparation process can be completed under normal-temperature and normal-pressure conditions, high-temperature sintering, electrospinning or vacuum treatment is not needed, and the industrial popularization potential is extremely high.

An object of the present invention is to achieve both blocking resistance and powder shedding resistance while preventing a decrease in lithium ion permeability. [Solution] The polymer particles have a core-shell structure, and the shell portion of the polymer particle contains an acid group-containing monomer as a constituent unit. The dispersant is contained in an amount of 2 to 18 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the monomer constituting the polymer particle. The proportion of the core portion in a total of 100% by mass of the core portion and shell portion of the polymer particle is 30 to 80% by mass. The polymer particles have an average particle diameter D50 of 300 to 1500 nm, where the average particle diameter D50 is the particle diameter at a cumulative 50% in a volume-based particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction / scattering method. The monomer constituting the polymer particle is a (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer or a mixture of a (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer and an aromatic vinyl monomer.

The present invention belongs to the field of electrochemistry, specifically a preparation method and application of a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel-foam carbon-silver / silver chloride reference electrode. The present invention uses foam carbon as the substrate of the reference electrode for the first time, electrochemically deposits and chlorinates the foam carbon to prepare a foam carbon-silver / silver chloride reference electrode with a rod-like structure, and then pours the polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel on the chlorinated electrode surface to obtain a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel-foam carbon-silver / silver chloride reference electrode with good ion permeability, good conductivity and stable potential. The present invention can significantly improve the conductivity and stability of the electrode, and the stability of this reference electrode is comparable to that of a commercial reference electrode. The electrode prepared by the present invention is applied to the electrochemical detection of epinephrine, and its detection signal is significantly higher than that of a commercial reference electrode, and has good application prospects.

The invention provides an RcERF98 gene and application of the RcERF98 gene to enhancement of gray mold resistance of Chinese roses, and belongs to the technical field of biological prevention and control. The nucleotide sequence of the RcERF98 gene is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The RcERF98 gene is silent and overexpressed in petals which are good in growth state and free of botrytis cinerea infection of Chinese roses, and research results show that the petals treated by the silent RcERF98 gene are larger in scab area, higher in ion permeability, lower in hydrogen peroxide content and higher in ascorbic acid content, and the resistance of the petals of the Chinese roses to the botrytis cinerea is reduced; the petals treated by the overexpressed RcERF98 gene are smaller in scab area, lower in ion permeability, higher in hydrogen peroxide content and lower in ascorbic acid content, and the resistance of the Chinese rose petals to gray mold is enhanced.