The invention discloses an air inlet passage and impeller gap adjusting structure. The structure comprises a volute, an air inlet passage, an impeller, a displacement sensor, a servo screw motor and anut, wherein the air inlet passage is arranged in an inner hole of the volute, a certain gap is kept between the air inlet passage and the impeller, the air inlet passage is coaxial with the volute and the impeller, the displacement sensor is arranged in the air inlet passage, the nut is arranged on the air inlet passage, the servo screw motor is arranged on the upper end face of the volute, andthe outer end of a screw of the servo screw motor is connected with the nut. According to the structure, the motor forward and reversely rotates to drive the nut to ascend or descend, the nut drives the air inlet passage to ascend or descend, the ascending gap of the air inlet passage becomes large, and the descending gap of the air inlet passage becomes small, so that the air inlet amount is controlled, the surge of a system is controlled, and the structure is simple and effective.