A high-toughness double-component epoxy structural adhesive comprises a component A and a component B which are mutually independent, the component A comprises 30-70 wt% of epoxy resin, 10-20 wt% of an active diluent, 0-15 wt% of an active toughening agent, 10-30 wt% of a filler and 1-5 wt% of an auxiliary agent, and the component B comprises 60-90 wt% of a curing agent, 3-10 wt% of an active toughening agent, 1-5 wt% of a coupling agent, 1-8 wt% of an auxiliary agent and 10-20 wt% of a filler. The component A and the component B are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: (0.8-1.2) to obtain the high-toughness double-component epoxy structural adhesive. The component A and the component B of the structural adhesive are long in independent storage period, after the component A and the component B are mixed, the curing rate is low, heat release is stable, volume shrinkage is small, formed colloid defects are few, the epoxy structural adhesive obtained through mixing is quite excellent in toughness, T peel strength, impact peel strength and lap joint shear strength for metal bonding, and after curing, a sea island structure is formed, so that the structural adhesive has excellent impact resistance.