The present application discloses a negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof, a negative electrodepole piece and a battery, and relates to the field of battery technology. The preparation method of the negative electrode material comprises calcining siliconpowder in hydrocarbon gas to obtain carbon-encapsulated siliconpowder; preparing a cellulose dispersion containing nano-cellulose and phosphorus-nitrogen salts; mixing the carbon-encapsulated siliconpowder with the cellulose dispersion, and obtaining a silicon-cellulose mixture after dehydration; preparing a negative electrode material dispersion containing a silicon-cellulose mixture and a lithium source; spraying, drying, grinding and sintering the negative electrode material dispersion in sequence to obtain a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material of the present application belongs to a double anion-doped silicon negative electrode material, which can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of a lithium-ion battery. The negative electrode pole piece of the present application comprises the above-mentioned negative electrode material, and the battery comprises the above-mentioned negative electrode pole piece.