124 results about "Charge transfer efficiency" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of battery materials, and discloses a ferric sodium pyrophosphate material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the ferric sodium pyrophosphate comprises the following steps: step 1, mixing a phosphorus source, an iron source, a sodium source, a biomass carbon source and an alcohol additive, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixed material A; step 2, carrying out hydrothermal reaction on the mixed material A, and then centrifuging and drying to obtain an intermediate product B; and 3, roasting the intermediate product C in a protective atmosphere to obtain the carbon-coated ferric sodium pyrophosphate. A three-dimensional conductive network is formed after the biomass carbon source and the NFPP are compounded, the interface resistance is reduced, the charge transfer efficiency is improved, and after the biomass carbon source is carbonized, biomass carbon with mechanical supporting and buffering effects can relieve volume expansion of the NFPP in the charge-discharge or reaction process and inhibit material pulverization, so that the cycling stability is improved.

This disclosure provides a charge pump circuit. The charge pump circuit according to this disclosure includes one or more cascaded boost units and output units having the same structure. Each boost unit has a dual-branch structure with top and bottom symmetry and connected to two sets of four-phase clock signals with opposite clock phases. By adjusting the phase relationship of the four-phase clocks, the rise time of the gate voltage of the transfer transistor can be delayed by advancing the falling edge of the driving clock of the secondary capacitor and delaying its rising edge. This ensures that the transfer transistor is in the off state at the moment of high-low phase switching, thereby avoiding the problem of reduced charge transfer efficiency caused by reverse charge flow between the input and output nodes of the boost unit.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a sodium-ion battery negative electrode material and a sodium-ion battery, and relates to the technical field of sodium-ion battery negative electrode materials. The invention relates to a sodium ion battery negative electrode material. The negative electrode material comprises a substrate and a coating covering the surface of the substrate, the coating is composed of the following components in parts by mass: 20-40 parts of epoxy resin, 5-10 parts of an isocyanate curing agent, 10-20 parts of an inorganic filler, 2-6 parts of a UV reactive diluent, 5-10 parts of a conductive material, 1-3 parts of a photoinitiator and 0.5-2 parts of a conductive stabilizer. By introducing the novel conductive stabilizer, the electron migration resistance is effectively reduced, and the charge transfer efficiency of a coating and a matrix interface is optimized, so that the conductivity of the negative electrode material is remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of new materials, in particular to a piezoelectric catalytic polyvinylidene fluoride material and a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method comprises the steps of obtaining nanoflower ZnO and obtaining a piezoelectric catalytic film. The nanoflower ZnO and the carbon nanotubes are used as fillers of the PVDF film, so that the contact area between the surface of a film material and target pollutants subjected to piezoelectric degradation is effectively increased, and the supply of piezoelectric charges and the charge transmission efficiency in a PVDF matrix are increased, thereby improving the capability and efficiency of degrading organic pollutants. Organic pollutants are directly degraded through piezoelectric catalysis under low-frequency water flow; meanwhile, the thin film material structure is easy to recycle and shows good cycling stability, the problem of secondary pollution generally related to inorganic piezoelectric powder is solved, the limitation of a traditional piezoelectric catalysis system is overcome, and an extensible and environment-friendly method is provided for organic pollutant degradation.

The invention relates to a high-entropy alloy aerogel material with a dielectric near-zero characteristic as well as a preparation method and application of the high-entropy alloy aerogel material. The high-entropy alloy aerogel material is a three-dimensional porous structure material prepared from Cu, Co, Ni, Ag and Bi metal salts through a freeze thawing method. Compared with the prior art, the high-entropy alloy aerogel material prepared by the preparation method disclosed by the invention realizes the dielectric near-zero characteristic near the radio frequency of 10.3 MHz, also has higher charge transfer efficiency, and has important significance in the design aspect of radio frequency electronic devices.

The invention discloses a rare earth element controlled MnCo2O4.5 oxygen evolution self-supporting electrode and an application thereof. A nano array growth method is combined with a heat treatment two-step method to directly grow rare earth elements on a conductive substrate to regulate and control the MnCo2O4.5 nano array structure. The nano array growth method can realize preparation of the catalyst with high specific surface area and good electron transport performance, avoids use of a binder, significantly improves charge transport efficiency, and enhances the binding force of the catalyst and the substrate. Rare earth cations with small magnetic moment are introduced into MnCo2O4.5 to regulate and control the electron spinning state of Co, redistribution of charges is induced, the oxygen species adsorption / desorption capacity is optimized, and the reaction energy barrier is reduced. The nano array structure provides abundant active sites and rapid mass transfer channels, and rare earth doping synergistically improves the intrinsic activity and structural stability of the material. The preparation process provided by the invention is environment-friendly, has higher flexibility and controllability, and can meet the requirements of different application scenes.

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of a photoelectrochemical sensor for preparing a titanium dioxide / copper oxide heterojunction based on a laser induction technology. Titanium carbide / binuclear copper-beta-cyclodextrin is used as a precursor material to be coated on the surface of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) conductive glass, and a precursor is converted into a titanium dioxide / copper oxide heterojunction by utilizing a laser induction technology, so that the photoelectrochemical sensor is constructed. Compared with a traditional preparation method, the laser induction technology not only realizes high-strength combination of the material and the substrate, but also has the advantages of simple and convenient process, environment friendliness, safety, controllability and the like. The obtained heterojunction remarkably improves the interface charge transfer efficiency, and the photoelectric response performance of the heterojunction is improved by about 2.3 times compared with that of commercial TiO2. A simple photoelectric detection system is constructed based on a common glass beaker and self-made LED light sources with different wavelengths, and miniaturization of a detection device and portability of a detection process are realized. The electrochemical sensor is low in cost and simple in process, and a novel heterostructure building strategy and a simple system for detecting ascorbic acid integration scheme are provided.

The invention discloses a method for improving the performance of an image sensor and the image sensor, the image sensor comprises a pixel array formed by a plurality of pixel units, each pixel unit comprises a plurality of sub-pixel units, and each sub-pixel unit comprises a sub-pixel photodiode and a transfer transistor corresponding to the sub-pixel unit. The areas, close to the transfer transistor, of the sub-pixel photodiodes of the sub-pixel units are isolated, and the areas, away from the transfer transistor, of the sub-pixel photodiodes of the sub-pixel units are connected. According to the method for improving the performance of the image sensor and the image sensor provided by the invention, on one hand, the dynamic range is improved by improving the upper limit of the full-well capacitance; on the other hand, different numbers of transfer transistors are matched for simultaneous reading under different brightness conditions, and both the speed of the transfer transistors and the driving load of the transfer transistors are improved, so that the charge transfer efficiency is improved, and the reading time is shortened.

The utility model relates to lead -acid battery technical field, concretely is a kind of lead -acid battery current collector structure, including frame, recess is opened in the frame, the recess is equipped with porous carbon framework, the porous carbon framework is equipped on battery current collector main body, the battery current collector main body is attached with a layer of carbon cloth, the battery current collector main body is by surface body, aperture plate and grid three parts are composed, the grid is attached with one side graphene coating layer. The recess in the lead -acid battery current collector frame of the device is equipped with one side porous carbon framework, can increase the utilization of active material, improve the charge transfer efficiency of battery, the surface body of battery current collector main body is equipped with graphene coating layer, can significantly reduce the corrosion of surface body, improve the conductivity and current density of battery, the lead -acid battery current collector surface layer is equipped with a layer of carbon cloth, wherein carbon cloth and lead -acid battery current collector cooperate and have the charge-discharge performance and cycle life of the improvement of lead -acid battery.

The application discloses a graphene quantum dot / indium sulfide electromagnetic wave absorbing material and a preparation method thereof, and comprises the following steps: carrying out a hydrothermal reduction reaction on trinitro-pyrene and an alkaline solution to obtain graphene quantum dot powder rich in hydroxyl functional groups on the surface; and carrying out a hydrothermal reaction on a mixture of indium chloride tetrahydrate and thioacetamide and the graphene quantum dot powder to obtain a graphene quantum dot / indium sulfide heterojunction electromagnetic wave absorbing material with a sulfur vacancy concentration of 3.8% to 5.7%. The addition amount of the sulfur source is controlled by regulating the addition amount of the thioacetamide in the hydrothermal reaction process, the introduced sulfur vacancy concentration is accurately controlled, the In-O covalent bond is formed at the interface between the graphene quantum dot and the indium sulfide, the interface covalent bridging structure is formed, the interface charge transfer efficiency is accelerated, the built-in electric field in the interface is enhanced, stronger interface polarization loss is induced, and the performance of high absorption intensity and wide bandwidth of the composite wave absorbing material is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy storage, and discloses a thermoelectric energy storage battery, comprising: a sulfur gradient doped copper ferrocyanide positive electrode; a copper negative electrode; a thermal response type gradient concentration electrolyte; an asymmetric heat exchange layer; the photovoltaic panel material layer is deposited on the battery shell; a preparation method of a thermoelectric energy storage battery comprises the following steps: S1, coprecipitating a copper nitrate solution and a potassium ferricyanide solution at a flow rate of 0.1-0.3 ml / min at 4-6 DEG C to generate a nano precursor; and S2, in a mixed atmosphere of H2S and N2, annealing is performed at 250-320 DEG C, the volume fraction of H2S is linearly adjusted from 10% to 30% along with the temperature, and sulfur gradient doping is formed. By constructing a sulfur gradient doped copper ferrocyanide positive electrode structure, stable electrochemical response of the material in a thermally driven environment is realized, and the problems of non-uniform lattice expansion and low interface charge migration efficiency in a thermal field are solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of supercapacitor preparation, in particular to a (NiCo) Se2 / CoFe2Se4 composite electrode, a preparation method and application, and the method comprises the steps: preparing a NiCo precursor solution through Ni salt, Co salt and urea, growing NiCo precursor nanorods on a titanium mesh, and constructing a three-dimensional conductive skeleton; then preparing a Co-FePBA suspension by using Co salt, sodium citrate and K3 [Fe (CN) 6]; the titanium mesh loaded with the NiCo precursor nanorod is soaked in Co-FePBA suspension and aged at the constant temperature, a double-active-component precursor is formed, effective interface chemical bonding is formed, and the charge transfer efficiency can be effectively improved; finally, a (NiCo) Se2 / CoFe2Se4 heterojunction is generated through gas-phase selenylation, charges are redistributed at a heterogeneous interface, a built-in electric field is formed, and electron transfer and ion adsorption are accelerated; according to the method, the reaction kinetics of collaborative optimization of the (NiCo) Se2 and the CoFe2Se4 is realized, the process is simple, convenient, environment-friendly and economical, a feasible scheme is provided for large-scale production, and the problems of compounding of the (NiCo) Se2 and the CoFe2Se4, high charge transfer resistance and poor charge and discharge efficiency in the prior art are solved.

The invention discloses a carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery. An energy density synergist is added into a lithium iron phosphate material, uniform anchoring on the surfaces of lithium iron phosphate particles is achieved, the electronic conductivity is improved, the structural stability is enhanced, the first coulombic efficiency is improved, the specific capacity is improved, a boron-oxygen cluster structure in the energy density synergist provides multiple coordination sites, Li < + > is specifically adsorbed through the Lewis acid-base effect, and the specific adsorption capacity is improved. Lithium ion migration energy barriers are reduced, and the charge transmission efficiency is improved. A rigid framework of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane is embedded into a carbon layer to form a nano support body, so that the lattice volume expansion in the charge-discharge process is effectively inhibited, and the structural stability of the material is improved.

The invention discloses an MIL-68 metal organic framework / III-nitride nanorod array photo-anode as well as a preparation method and application of the MIL-68 metal organic framework / III-nitride nanorod array photo-anode. The photo-anode comprises a Si substrate, an InN or / and GaN nano-pillar array grown on the Si substrate, and an MIL-68 (In / Ga) metal organic framework layer grown on the surface of the nano-pillar array in situ, wherein the MIL-68 (In / Ga) metal organic framework layer is of a three-dimensional columnar structure. According to the invention, the MIL-68 (In / Ga) metal organic framework is introduced to the surface of the III-nitride nanopillar array, so that the self-driven assembly of an interface is realized, and the interface bonding strength and charge transfer efficiency of the photoelectrode are remarkably enhanced. The photoanode shows excellent stability and high efficiency in the photoelectrochemical water decomposition and organic pollutant degradation process, and has wide application prospects in new energy conversion and environmental governance.

The invention discloses a FeOOH / BiVO4 composite photo-anode, a temperature synergistic activation method for optimizing the performance of the FeOOH / BiVO4 composite photo-anode and application of the FeOOH / BiVO4 composite photo-anode, and belongs to the technical field of photoelectric catalytic materials and new energy. The FeOOH / BiVO4 composite photo-anode is formed by loading a cocatalyst layer FeOOH on the surface of a BiVO4 nano-structure substrate. The core of the invention lies in finding that the specific composite photo-anode system has a unique temperature-activity synergistic effect at an electrolyte temperature of about 40 DEG C. At the temperature, the FeOOH cocatalyst and the BiVO4 substrate not only exert respective catalytic advantages, but also realize maximization of interface charge transfer efficiency and remarkable acceleration of reaction kinetics through temperature field regulation and control, so that the photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation activity reaches a peak value, and the stability is far superior to that of a single BiVO4 photoanode. According to the method, a composite material system and the optimal working temperature of the composite material system are accurately matched, so that the cooperation of material design and working condition optimization is realized, and a new technical path and theoretical guidance are provided for developing efficient and stable composite photoelectric devices.

The invention discloses a charge directional separation phthalocyanine-based COF (Covalent Organic Framework) material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of covalent organic framework materials. The structural formula of the charge directional separation phthalocyanine-based COF material is as shown in a formula (I), phthalocyanine is used as a framework, an AA stacked layered structure is formed, electrons are attracted by metal cores, in-plane charge transfer is reduced, out-of-plane charge transfer becomes a main channel for carrier transport, carrier directional separation transfer is generated, and the charge transfer efficiency is improved. And the carrier recombination rate is obviously reduced, and the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency is improved. Besides, the COF material prepared by the method has excellent stability and cannot be decomposed in water, acid, alkali and common organic solvents (such as methanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, N, N-dimethylformamide and the like). The charge directional separation phthalocyanine-based COF material prepared by the invention also has huge potential in application in the aspects of gas storage, sensing and the like.

The invention discloses a carbon / M1S / M2S bimetallic composite material with a heterogeneous interface as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of environmental microbial electrochemistry. The carbon / M1S / M2S bimetallic composite material is of a multi-stage porous structure, and a heterogeneous interface is constructed on a carbon-based binary heterogeneous composite bimetallic sulfide; the heterogeneous interface is an interface of two crystal grains of M1S and M2S; according to the invention, MOF is adopted as a template, and a composite material (carbon / M1S / M2S) with an M1S4 / M2S binary heterogeneous structure is prepared through hydrothermal and sulfuration processes. Interface coupling between M1S and M2S is utilized to optimize distribution of interface charges, so that the charge transfer efficiency in the electrode is improved, and direct electron transfer kinetics mediated by a terminal electron acceptor is promoted. The carbon / M1S / M2S heterojunction obviously improves the performance of a microbial electrochemical system and shows excellent long-term stability.

The application belongs to the technical field of photocatalytic hydrogen production, and particularly relates to a Z-type heterojunction Mn3O4@CdIn2S4 composite material and a preparation method and application thereof. The application synthesizes Mn3O4 microspheres by taking Mn-MOF as a precursor, in-situ grows a CdIn2S4 (CIS) shell, and prepares core-shell type Mn3O4@CdIn2S4 microspheres, and simultaneously forms a Z-type heterojunction. Compared with CdIn2S4 and Mn3O4, the photocatalytic performance of Mn3O4@CdIn2S4 under simulated sunlight is significantly improved. On one hand, the Z-type electron transfer path not only improves the electron-hole separation efficiency, but also improves the charge transfer efficiency. On the other hand, the existence of the core-shell heterojunction increases the light absorption range.

The invention discloses a method for optimizing the performance of a bismuth vanadate photo-anode by regulating and controlling the temperature of an electrolyte and application of the method, and belongs to the technical field of photoelectrochemical energy conversion. The method comprises the following steps: placing a bismuth vanadate photo-anode in an alkaline electrolyte, and controlling the temperature of the alkaline electrolyte to be 52-54 DEG C when a photoelectrocatalysis water decomposition reaction is carried out. According to the invention, the electrolyte is accurately controlled within the temperature range to carry out the photoelectrocatalytic water decomposition reaction, so that the photocurrent density, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (ABPE) and the charge transfer efficiency can be remarkably improved. According to the invention, the nonlinear influence rule of the electrolyte temperature on the charge transfer behavior of the BiVO4 / electrolyte interface is systematically disclosed for the first time, and the action mechanism is similar to that in a periodic structure, band gap optimization and energy transfer efficiency maximization are realized through parameter tuning. The method does not need to carry out complex modification on an electrode material, is simple to operate, low in cost and good in repeatability, and provides a new optimization strategy and application guidance for design and operation of a high-efficiency solar fuel conversion device.

The present invention relates to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor pixel technology. To achieve the separation of the charge transfer channel from the surface of the transfer gate channel and reduce the dark current while ensuring the charge transfer efficiency, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is an active pixel device for reducing the dark current and noise, which includes a photodetector PD, a transfer gate TG, a reset transistor RST, a source follower SF, and a row select transistor SEL. Among them, the TG is responsible for transferring the photoelectrons collected in the PD to the charge-voltage conversion node FD. The reset transistor RST can perform a reset operation on FD and PD. The SF is responsible for buffering the voltage signal of the FD node. The SEL transistor strobes a certain row when the row select signal arrives. A layer of N-type ion implantation is added under the transfer gate TG to form a thin N-type region. The present invention is mainly applied to the design and manufacturing of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor pixels.

To enhance a charge transfer efficiency in a transfer gate having a vertical gate electrode. A solid-state imaging element includes a photoelectric conversion section, a charge accumulating section, and a transfer gate. The photoelectric conversion section is formed in a depth direction of a semiconductor substrate, and generates charges corresponding to a quantity of received light. The charge accumulating section accumulates the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion section. The transfer gate transfers the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion section to the charge accumulating section. The transfer gate includes a plurality of vertical gate electrodes which is filled to a predetermined depth from an interface of the semiconductor substrate, and at least a part of a diameter is different in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.

The invention discloses conductive hydrogel as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of conductive hydrogel materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dispersing nanocellulose into a hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer precursor solution, adding an amphiphilic monomer, inducing microphase separation by utilizing thermodynamic incompatibility, and carrying out thermal initiation polymerization. The hydrogel is internally provided with a micro-phase separation structure formed by self-assembly, and nanocellulose is distributed on a phase interface to form a continuous ion channel. Through microstructure regulation and control, the mechanical strength, toughness and ionic conductivity of the material are effectively coordinated, and meanwhile, the material is endowed with excellent water-retaining property and environmental stability. The preparation process is simple and does not need complex equipment. The conductive hydrogel is particularly suitable for being used as a negative electrode friction layer of a friction nano-generator, can remarkably improve the charge transfer efficiency and the device output performance, and has important application value in the fields of flexible electronics, intelligent sensing and the like.

This invention discloses a bootstrap charge pump structure, comprising: a clock control logic circuit, a bootstrap switch array, a boost capacitor, and an input voltage buffer. The clock control logic circuit is connected to the bootstrap switch array and is used to generate a four-phase non-overlapping clock to control the orderly activation of the switches in the bootstrap switch array. The bootstrap switch array is connected to the boost capacitor, and the clock control logic circuit boosts the voltage of the boost capacitor. The input voltage buffer is connected to the bootstrap switch array and is used to provide an adjustable voltage input to the bootstrap switch array. This invention improves the charge transfer efficiency of the charge pump and reduces resistance, representing an efficient bootstrap charge pump structure.

The invention relates to a flower-like metal oxide heterojunction and a preparation method and application thereof, the flower-like metal oxide heterojunction is composed of cobalt oxide and platinum, has a high specific surface area and a hierarchical porous structure, and is helpful for improving the enrichment ability of metabolites and the laser ionization efficiency, thereby significantly improving the detection sensitivity based on MALDI mass spectrometry. By constructing a heterojunction interface, the charge transfer efficiency and the local surface plasmon effect are enhanced, the signal intensity is improved, the background noise is effectively inhibited, and the signal reproducibility and the detection stability are improved.

To enhance a charge transfer efficiency in a transfer gate having a vertical gate electrode. A solid-state imaging element includes a photoelectric conversion section, a charge accumulating section, and a transfer gate. The photoelectric conversion section is formed in a depth direction of a semiconductor substrate, and generates charges corresponding to a quantity of received light. The charge accumulating section accumulates the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion section. The transfer gate transfers the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion section to the charge accumulating section. The transfer gate includes a plurality of vertical gate electrodes which is filled to a predetermined depth from an interface of the semiconductor substrate, and at least a part of a diameter is different in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.

The invention belongs to the field of new energy and new materials, and relates to a precursor-oriented CuCo2S4 counter electrode with different morphologies and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the preparation method, a precursor guiding strategy is adopted, nano flower-shaped CuCo2S4, nano sheet-shaped CuCo2S4, nano particle-shaped CuCo2S4 and nano microsphere-shaped CuCo2S4 can be prepared through a simple solvothermal reaction method, the preparation method is simple and convenient, the morphology controllability is high, and a complex template agent is not needed. The prepared nanoflower-shaped CuCo2S4 shows the maximum specific surface area and charge transfer efficiency, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a QDSSCs device corresponding to the nanoflower-shaped CuCo2S4 can reach 7.42% and is remarkably higher than the highest conversion efficiency of QDSSCs assembled by CuCo2S4 counter electrodes in other shapes and existing CdS / CdSe sensitized QDSSCs based on the CuCo2S4 counter electrodes, and the electro-catalytic performance is remarkably improved. The CuCo2S4 material prepared by the method is suitable for various electrolyte systems, shows excellent stability and catalytic performance in polysulfide electrolyte, and is expected to replace a complex noble metal system and a traditional binary Cu2S-based counter electrode system.

The invention discloses a bifunctional catalyst for a direct methanol fuel cell, a structural unit of the bifunctional catalyst takes a carbon nanotube as a conductive substrate, defects are introduced on the surface through dielectric barrier discharge, and high-entropy alloy nanoparticles consisting of five transition metal elements are loaded on the surface. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a carbon nano tube marked as CNT (at) CC; s2, defects are manufactured on the surface of the CNT (at) CC through the dielectric barrier discharge technology, and a carbon nano tube rich in defects is obtained and marked as p-CNT (at) CC; s3, synthesizing multi-element high-entropy alloy nano-particles through an oil bath method, and recording the multi-element high-entropy alloy nano-particles as HEA NPs; and S4, loading HEA NPs on the p-CNT (at) CC prepared in the step S2, and carrying out Ar / NH3 plasma treatment to prepare the direct methanol fuel cell bifunctional catalyst, which is recorded as P-HEA-p-CNT (at) CC. By improving the charge transfer efficiency, reducing the reaction energy barrier, improving the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity, improving the ORR and MOR reaction performance, and improving the cycle stability and charge-discharge performance.

The invention discloses a CCD image processing method and device and a storage medium. In the method, a server can split to-be-processed image data into to-be-processed sub-image data, and charge transfer low-efficiency removal processing is performed on each to-be-processed sub-image data through a pre-trained charge transfer low-efficiency removal model. The problem of low charge transfer efficiency caused by semiconductor material defects or impurities can be effectively solved. According to the method, false signals caused by low charge transfer efficiency of the CCD image can be effectively removed, so that the pixel value is accurately corrected, and the overall quality of the image is improved.

A method for designing an active battery cell equalization circuit or a combined active battery cell equalization and passive battery cell equalization circuit to be used for equalizing voltage of cell sections in a battery. The method includes setting a number of the cell sections; setting a charge transfer efficiency variable for the equalization circuit; setting a diagonal matrix element for a matrix modeling the equalization circuit; setting a diagonal −1 matrix element for the matrix; setting a discharge capacity value for each cell section; setting a discharge current for the battery; determining equalization circuit currents, battery discharge time, discharge capacity of the cell sections and percentage of rated discharge capacity of the cell sections; setting a median voltage of the cell sections; and determining power loss, energy loss, energy discharge and discharge energy efficiency of the battery.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photocatalytic materials, discloses a polyethyleneimine modified metal sulfide heterostructure photo-anode and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems of poor light corrosivity, poor stability and the like of a metal sulfide photo-anode. On the basis of an ion exchange method, the polyethyleneimine non-conjugated polymer modification layer is introduced for the first time, directional adsorption of metal cations is guided through electrostatic interaction, the interface charge transmission efficiency is effectively enhanced, and therefore the uniform and compact metal sulfide heterostructure photo-anode is formed. The design strategy is simple in preparation process, mild in condition, low in production cost, short in period and friendly to application environment, the prepared heterostructure photo-anode has excellent and stable photoelectrocatalysis water splitting performance, a new way is provided for efficient utilization of solar energy and development of a green manufacturing technology, and the heterostructure photo-anode can be suitable for large-scale industrial production.