86 results about "Electron bombardment" patented technology

An x-ray source includes an x-ray transmissive window having an x-ray transmittance greater than or equal to 20% for at least some x-rays having an x-ray energy less than 1 keV. The x-ray source further includes an electron source configured to generate at least one electron beam and an anode assembly configured to generate x-rays in response to electron bombardment by at least some of the electrons of the at least one electron beam from the electron source. The x-ray source further includes at least one x-ray optic is configured to receive at least some of the x-rays from the anode assembly and to direct at least some of the received x-rays to the window to form an x-ray beam.

The invention discloses a high-power pulse magnetron cathode, and belongs to the technical field of magnetrons. The cathode comprises a heating substrate, an upper end cap, a lower end cap and a cathode emitter, the upper end of the heating substrate is connected with the upper end cap, and the lower end penetrates through the lower end cap and extends out of the magnetron tube core to be connected with a power supply; the heating substrate positioned between the upper and lower end caps is spiral-line-shaped; and the cylindrical cathode emitter is sleeved on the outer side of the spiral linear part of the heating substrate. The cathode emitter is heated through the heating substrate, so that the cathode emitter emits electrons, and the emitted electrons back bomb the surface of the cathode emitter under the action of an external electromagnetic field of the magnetron to generate new secondary electrons. According to the invention, the probability of electron bombardment on the surface of the cathode emitter can be greatly increased, that is, secondary emission electrons can be bombarded continuously, the overall electron emission density of the cathode is improved, and a high-power pulse magnetron is supported to provide higher power output.

The invention discloses a sewage treatment process for organic wastewater, and belongs to the field of sewage treatment.The sewage treatment process comprises the following steps that S1, wastewater containing nitrogen-containing organic phosphonic acid metal complexes is pumped into a dielectric barrier discharge reactor, and P-C bond energy is reduced through high-energy electron bombardment; s2, adding a modified layered metal hydroxide containing interlayer co-intercalation carbon quantum dots and persulfate and a composite oxidant of aspergillus niger immobilized microspheres into the wastewater subjected to plasma treatment; s3, deeply adsorbing heavy metal ions in the wastewater subjected to composite oxidation treatment in a gradient magnetic field by utilizing a magnetic layered metal hydroxide material; s4, the wastewater subjected to magnetic adsorption sequentially passes through an anaerobic ammonia oxidation coupling reactor and an aerobic biological membrane-activated sludge system to degrade pollutants; s5, dephosphorizing the wastewater subjected to biological treatment by algae by adopting a layered immobilized phycomycete symbiotic system; and S6, tail end magnetic recovery and effluent disinfection. The invention aims to solve the problems of low decomplexing efficiency and halfway decomplexing in the prior art.

A target for heavy ion or electron bombardment is contemplated as is a method of its preparation. In that method, a) liquid target solution of a target metal salt dissolved in water is deposited into the bottom of a metal target capsule having an open top, and b) heated within the target capsule to form a crystalline material. Steps a) and b) are repeated until the crystalline material contains a target amount of target salt. The target capsule is then heated until the weight of the target capsule remains constant. To mitigate the formation of salt creep during the preparation, the liquid target solution can contain about 2 to about 20 percent v / v of a C2-C4 polyol, or the inside surface of the target capsule is coated with a hydrophobic film that provides a contact angle with water of about 70 to about 1300 prior to liquid deposition.

An electron impact ion source assembly for use in a mass spectrometer includes an anode extending along an axis and surrounding an ionization volume. The at least two filaments are each configured to thermionically emit electrons and are positioned outside the ionization volume and proximate the anode. The at least two filaments each include an elliptically shaped portion and non-elliptically shaped portions on both ends of the elliptically shaped portion. The non-elliptically shaped portion is configured to be mounted in a fixed position relative to the anode to maintain a constant distance between the elliptically shaped portion and the anode. The elliptically shaped portion extends along a plane that intersects a plane perpendicular to an axis of the anode at a non-zero angle.

A target for heavy ion or electron bombardment is contemplated as is a method of its preparation. In that method, a ) liquid target solution of a target metal salt dissolved in water is deposited into the bottom of a metal target capsule having an open top, and b ) heated within the target capsule to form a crystalline material. Steps a ) and b) are repeated until the crystalline material contains a target amount of target salt. The target capsule is then heated until the weight of the target capsule remains constant. To mitigate the formation of salt creep during the preparation, the liquid target solution can contain about 2 to about 20 percent v / v of a C2-C4 polyol, or the inside surface of the target capsule is coated with a hydrophobic film that provides a contact angle with water of about 70 to about 130° prior to liquid deposition.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine detection, in particular to a method for determining the content of various components in blumea balsamifera oil. According to the method, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology is adopted, and chromatographic conditions are as follows: a chromatographic column is an SH-Stabilwax (30m * 0.32 mm, and the film thickness is 0.25 [mu] m) capillary column; the temperature of a sample inlet is 230 DEG C; the split ratio is 10: 1; the sample size is 1 microliter; the mass spectrum conditions are as follows: the ion source temperature is 200 DEG C; the interface temperature is 230 DEG C; the ionization mode is electron impact ion (EI); the detection voltage is 0.2 KV; the solvent is delayed for 2 minutes; the mass number scanning range is 30 to 400 amu; and SIM mode. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the contents of alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, limonene, p-cymene, camphor, alpha-coumarin, linalool, bornyl acetate, beta-caryophyllene, myrtenal, alpha-caryophyllene, L-borneol, perillaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, guaiacol, beta-eudesmol and xanthoxylin in the blumea balsamifera oil can be simultaneously determined; the method provided by the invention has good precision, repeatability and stability, and the quality consistency of the blumea balsamifera oil can be quickly, accurately and effectively evaluated through detection of multiple components.

The present invention relates to the field of high dynamic range imaging, and in particular to a high dynamic range imaging system. The system comprises a secondary power conversion module, an optical lens, an electron bombardment device, and a detector processing board. The secondary power conversion module simultaneously supplies power to the electron bombardment device and the detector processing board. The electron bombardment device comprises a photocathode and a back-illuminated TDICMOS detector. The detector processing board comprises a detector driver and an imaging controller. The optical lens focuses incident light onto the photocathode, accelerates it via high voltage, and the high-speed electrons output by the photocathode bombard the back-illuminated TDICMOS detector to generate electron multiplication. The imaging controller receives externally input imaging parameters, sets the current line period, integration level, pixel gain, analog gain, and electron bombardment voltage, and outputs an electron bombardment voltage control signal to the secondary power conversion module and a detector drive control signal to the detector driver. The present invention is capable of detecting weak light.

The application provides an ion source upper cover assembly and an ion source device. The fixed shielding cage in the ion source upper cover assembly can prevent the annular filament from being directly in contact with external structures to cause deformation or damage. The structure of the annular filament can effectively push the hot electrons emitted by the annular filament towards the ionization chamber, improve the ionization effect, and the ion source device is provided with the annular filament. The annular filament, the ionization cylinder and the shielding cage are coaxial, so that the electrons emitted by the annular filament can move in a more uniform electric field, thereby improving the probability of electron bombardment on the sample gas and improving the ionization efficiency and stability of the ion source device. Meanwhile, the ion source device has a wide range of emission current dynamic interval, strong anti-interference ability and wide range of sensitivity linear plateau area. The total pressure focusing electrode structure in the ion source device can also monitor the vacuum value in the detected space in real time, thereby playing a role in protecting the filament and the vacuum system.

The invention relates to the field of medicine analysis, in particular to a GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) technology-based method for simultaneously determining contents of various components in Yinhua cold powder. The method comprises a method for simultaneously determining the contents of various components in the Yinhua cold powder or volatile oil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out a GC analysis program on a medicinal powder extracting solution or volatile oil of the Yinhua cold powder; and (2) carrying out mass spectrum identification by utilizing a mass spectrum library under the mass spectrum conditions that an ion source is electron bombardment ionization (EI), the energy is 70eV, the temperature of the ion source is 200 DEG C, the interface temperature is 250 DEG C, a full scanning mode m / z is 45-500, the electron multiplication voltage is 1.5 kV, and collision gas is argon (99.99%). According to the method, the GC-MS technology is established for simultaneously determining the contents of various components in the Yinhui cold powder or volatile oil, more than 50 compounds are identified in the volatile oil of the Yinhui cold powder, and more than 25 compounds are identified in a normal hexane extracting solution of the powder.

The embodiment of the invention provides a single-side heating structure and a preparation method thereof, the single-side heating structure comprises layer structures, an ion layer, a first electrode and a heating layer, and at least one layer of cavity is arranged between the layer structures; the ion layer is an inert charged ionic group mixture layer formed by bombarding a zero-group element simple substance and a sixth auxiliary main group element simple substance by high-energy electrons, and the ion layer is filled in a cavity in the layer structure; the first electrode is arranged in the cavity of the layer structure; the heating layer is arranged on the surface of one side of the layer structure, is connected with a power supply and is used for heating one side of the layer structure when being electrified. According to the single-side heating structure, the inert charged ionic group mixture formed through high-energy electron bombardment can block infrared rays and ultraviolet rays, and obtained ions show intrinsic inertness through electrode adsorption, so that the radiation speed in the cavity is extremely low, and the heating layer can provide all heat to one side during heating.

The invention relates to an electron gun containing sectional type insulating ceramics, which comprises an anode, the sectional type insulating ceramics, a cathode supporting piece, a cathode cylinder, a cathode and a focusing electrode, the sectional type insulating ceramics comprise a plurality of ceramic sections, suspension electrodes are arranged between the adjacent ceramic sections, and the suspension electrodes and the ceramic sections are alternately stacked. The direction from the anode to the cathode supporting piece is the top-to-bottom direction, the direction from the cathode cylinder to the sectional type insulating ceramic is the inside-to-outside direction, shielding rings are arranged on the lower end face of the anode and the inner sides of the suspension electrodes, and anti-corona rings are arranged on the outer sides of the suspension electrodes. Compared with the prior art, by designing the sectional insulating ceramic structure comprising the ceramic sections with different lengths and the shielding ring with the function of shielding electrons emitted by the cathode cylinder from bombarding the ceramic, the uniformity of an electric field on the surface of the electronic gun ceramic is improved, the peak electric field intensity on the surface of the ceramic is reduced, and the insulating capacity of the electronic gun shell is improved; the cable has the advantage of high insulating capacity.

The utility model discloses a device for preparing a thin film material by thermal evaporation and electron beam composite epitaxial deposition, which comprises a rack main body, a vacuum cavity and a vacuum pump, the vacuum pump is used for vacuum operation in the vacuum cavity, a cover body is arranged on the vacuum cavity, and the device also comprises a variable temperature sample table arranged in the vacuum cavity, the electron beam evaporation structure is mounted, and a deposition preparation source material is placed; the resistance heat evaporation source is arranged in the vacuum cavity and located under the variable-temperature sample table, the electron beam evaporation structure comprises a sample support, a substrate embedded in the upper surface of the sample support and a tungsten filament clamping plate used for installing a plurality of groups of tungsten filaments, and the tungsten filaments emit electrons to bombard the sample support to heat and prepare a thin film material. The device can support two film material preparation methods of thermal evaporation and electron beam evaporation at the same time, so that the purpose of multifunctional deposition epitaxy is achieved, and material preparation under different process requirements can be met.

The embodiment of the present application provides a beam-down X-ray conversion device. The beam-down X-ray conversion device comprises a bremsstrahlung target and a shielding device. The bremsstrahlung target comprises a target body, and the shielding device has an electron incidence port, a containing cavity and an X-ray emission port, the electron incidence port and the X-ray emission port are communicated with the containing cavity respectively, and the bremsstrahlung target is located in the containing cavity; the electron incidence port is located on one side of the shielding device along a first direction, and the X-ray emission port is located on one side of the shielding device along a second direction; wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction. An opening of the electron incidence port is directed to the target body, so that the target body is bombarded by electrons entering the containing cavity from the electron incidence port. An opening of the X-ray emission port is directed to the target body, so that X-rays generated by the target body are emitted out of the containing cavity. The beam-down X-ray conversion device has high conversion efficiency.

The camera device includes a photocathode having a photoelectric surface, a solid-state imaging element that detects photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectric surface and outputs a detection signal, a vacuum housing that holds the photocathode and the solid-state imaging element in a vacuum state, and a signal processing section that processes the detection signal output from the solid-state imaging element. The solid-state imaging element detects photoelectrons multiplied by electron avalanche multiplication by accelerated photoelectron incidence and outputs a detection signal, and the signal processing section binarizes the detection signal of each frame based on a first threshold value related to a signal intensity set in advance in a manner capable of recognizing the presence or absence of a photon, and performs photon counting by accumulating the binarized signals of the frames after the binarization.

The application discloses an escape electron monitoring method, device and equipment for a tokamak fusion system and a readable storage medium, and relates to the technical field of optical fiber damage positioning. The method comprises the following steps: at least one sensing optical fiber is arranged on the outer surface of the cladding and / or shielding layer of the tokamak device in a poloidal-toroidal integrated winding mode, so that the single sensing optical fiber is continuously distributed on the toroidal path around the tokamak torus and the poloidal path along the height direction of the torus, and a two-dimensional distributed sensing network covering a preset monitoring area is formed; a probe light signal is injected into the incident end of the sensing optical fiber, and a transmission light signal is detected in real time at the outgoing end; whether the sensing optical fiber is irradiated and damaged is judged according to the power attenuation and / or transmission performance change of the transmission light signal; when the transmission light signal is detected to be abnormal, the damage area caused by the escape electron bombardment is positioned according to the overlapping position of the toroidal and poloidal laying paths corresponding to the sensing optical fiber with the abnormality.

The present application relates to the field of pharmaceutical analysis, and more particularly to a method for simultaneously determining the contents of multiple components in Yinhu Ganmao Powder based on GC-MS technology, which comprises a method for simultaneously determining the contents of multiple components in Yinhu Ganmao Powder or volatile oil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) performing GC analysis on the extract of Yinhu Ganmao Powder or volatile oil; (2) performing mass spectrometry identification using a mass spectrometry library, with the mass spectrometry conditions being: ion source is electron impact ionization (EI), energy is 70 eV, ion source temperature is 200 DEG C, interface temperature is 250 DEG C, full scan mode is m / z 45-500, electron multiplier voltage is 1.5 kV, and collision gas is argon (99.99%). The present application establishes a method for simultaneously determining the contents of multiple components in Yinhu Ganmao Powder or volatile oil based on GC-MS technology, wherein more than 50 compounds are identified in the volatile oil of Yinhu Ganmao Powder, and more than 25 compounds are identified in the n-hexane extract of the powder.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a proton-exchange polymer membrane containing a crosslinked ionomer, which process comprises the electron bombardment of an ionomer in the form of a film, the ionomer being a block polymer of formula (A-B)n-A, the symbol A representing a polyvinylaromatic block bearing sulfonic acid functions, the symbol B representing a hydrogenated block of a poly(1,3-diene) or of a copolymer comprising monomer units of a 1,3-diene and of a vinylaromatic monomer, and n being an integer equal to or greater than 1. The membrane for use in a fuel cell or an electrolyser has good properties with respect to water uptake and service life.

The invention discloses an electron bombardment ionization source, and relates to the technical field of ionization. The electron bombardment ionization source at least comprises a first ionization chamber, a second ionization chamber and a sample injection control piece, the first ionization chamber is provided with a first sample inlet; the second ionization chamber is communicated with the first ionization chamber, and the second ionization chamber is provided with a second sample inlet; the sample injection control piece is respectively communicated with the first sample injection port and the second sample injection port and is suitable for introducing a sample to be detected; the sample injection control piece is used for controlling the sample to be detected to enter the first ionization chamber and / or the second ionization chamber. According to the electron bombardment ionization source, the structure of the electron bombardment ionization source is improved, the adaptability of the electron bombardment ionization source to different samples is improved, the electron bombardment ionization source has four ionization modes, different ionization requirements can be met, and therefore the analysis requirements of different fields are met. In addition, the long service life and the high ionization efficiency of the ion source are effectively guaranteed.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of a fiber material with a nanopore structure. The preparation method of the fiber material with the nano-pore structure comprises the following steps: preparing polyether-ether-ketone fibers, constructing a chelate coating formed by chelating phytic acid and strontium ions on the surfaces of the polyether-ether-ketone fibers, and carrying out electron bombardment treatment on the chelate coating to form the nano-pore structure on the surfaces of the chelate coating. The application is that the fiber material with the nano-pore structure is woven into the artificial ligament fabric. According to the invention, the biological activity of strontium, the chelation function of phytic acid and the physical advantages of a nano-pore structure are creatively combined to realize a synergistic effect of multiple functions, continuous and controllable strontium ion release can be provided, osteogenesis biochemical signals can be activated, bionic physical attachment points are provided for cells, cell behaviors are guided, and the bioactivity of the cells is improved. The composite material can be used for adjusting the microenvironment around the implant and relieving oxidative stress injury, provides a novel solution and material for promoting tendon-bone healing and bone regeneration, and has great popularization and application values.

The invention provides an islanding-free half-slot folded waveguide slow-wave structure, a slow-wave circuit and a traveling wave tube, and the folded waveguide slow-wave structure comprises a multi-periodic cavity structure which is defined by a plurality of upper grid bodies and a plurality of lower grid bodies, wherein the upper grid bodies and the lower grid bodies are distributed in a staggered manner. The folded waveguide slow wave structure comprises a straight waveguide section, a waveguide connection section and an electron beam channel which are communicated; the waveguide connection section comprises an inner boundary, and the inner boundary is located in the boundary limited by the electron beam channel; the intersection point of the center line of the inner boundary and the axis of the electron beam channel is located on the inner boundary. According to the folded waveguide slow-wave structure, an island structure in a conventional folded waveguide is removed, the electron bombardment resistance of a slow-wave circuit is improved, the electron beam channel has higher structural toughness, and the problem that the strength of the slow-wave structure is insufficient under the terahertz high-frequency band is solved.

An electron bombardment ion source assembly for use in a mass spectrometer and including an anode extending along an axis and surrounding an ionization volume. At least two filaments are each configured to thermionically emit electrons and are positioned outside the ionization volume and proximate to the anode. The at least two filaments each comprise an elliptically-shaped portion and non-elliptical portions on either end of the elliptically-shaped portion. The non-elliptically-shaped portions are configured to be mounted in a fixed position relative to the anode to maintain a constant distance between the elliptically-shaped portion and the anode. The elliptically-shaped portion extends along a plane that intersects a plane perpendicular to the axis of the anode at a non-zero angle.

One X-ray source comprising: at least one enclosure configured to contain a first area at a pressure of less than one atmosphere (atm) and configured to separate the first area from an environment outside the at least one enclosure, wherein the at least one enclosure includes a window for x-ray transmission with an x-ray transmittance of more than or equal to 20% for at least some x-rays with an x-ray energy of less than 1 keV; an electron source in the at least one housing, wherein the electron source is configured to produce at least one electron beam; an anode arrangement within the at least one housing, configured to generate X-rays in response to electron bombardment by at least some of the electrons of the at least one electron beam from the electron source; at least one X-ray optic in the at least one housing, wherein the at least one X-ray optic is configured to receive at least a portion of the X-rays from the anode arrangement and to direct at least a portion of the received X-rays towards the window to generate an X-ray beam.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a CXEXEP multi-element anti-scaling, descaling and anti-wax alloy, when a material is smelted for multiple times, grains in the alloy are homogenized and formed, the specific surface area of copper, gold, silver, zinc and the like on the surface of the material is close to 1: 1, and the micro-current of the gold alloy can be continuously and stably improved in the state, so that various service performances of the alloy are optimized. In the water treatment process, the phase change driving force in a solution can be stably changed through the microbattery reaction of the alloy, so that the solubility of scale is changed, meanwhile, released free electrons bombard hydrogen bonds, a micro electric field formed by the scale is destroyed, and the scale inhibiting and removing effects are achieved.

The invention discloses a GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) method for determining effective components in an aromatic Wentong formula. A chromatographic column is a capillary column; a temperature programming method is adopted; the ionization mode in the mass spectrum condition is electron impact ionization, and the acquisition mode is scanning. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the active ingredients of the aromatic Wentong prescription can be effectively separated in a gas chromatograph through a specific heating program in combination with specific sample inlet temperature, chromatographic column temperature and split ratio and can be better focused and enter a mass spectrometer at the same time, and under the participation of specific mass spectrometry conditions, the effective separation of the active ingredients of the aromatic Wentong prescription can be realized. According to the present invention, with the method, the interference of the cinnamyl aldehyde, the alpha-caryophyllene, the methyleugenol and the ligustilide in the chromatogram can be eliminated, the signal strength and the sensitivity are high, the accurate quantification of the four components such as the cinnamyl aldehyde, the alpha-caryophyllene, the methyleugenol and the ligustilide is finally achieved, the reference basis is provided for the quality control of the aromatic warming and dredging formula, and the practical application value is provided.

To provide an imaging device that can further improve an S / N ratio.SOLUTION: An imaging device 1 comprises: a photo cathode 111 having a photoelectric surface 111a; a solid-state imaging element 112 that detects photoelectron discharged from the photoelectric surface 111a and outputs a detecting signal; a vacuum enclosure 113 that holds the photo cathode 111 and the solid-state imaging element 112, in a vacuum state; and a signal processing part 15 that processes the detection signal outputted from the solid-state imaging element 112. The solid-state imaging element 112 detects photoelectron multiplied by photoelectron driving multiplication when accelerated photoelectron is made to incident. The signal processing part 15 that outputs the detection signal performs binarization processing of a detection signal of each frame on the basis of a first threshold relating to preset signal strength so that presence or absence of photon can be identified, and performs photon counting by adding a binarization signal of each frame subjected to the binarization processing.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

A method for detecting disturbances in an electron-impact X-ray source is disclosed. The method comprises controlling an electron beam to be directed towards and form a spot at an intended target position on a stationary target, the electron beam thereby forming a spot on the target at an actual target position, the target comprising a first edge between regions of different electron backscatter probabilities; measuring a first series of values indicative of an electric current absorbed in the target as a function of time with the electron beam spot directed towards the intended target position and overlapping the first edge, wherein the intended target position is maintained stationary when measuring the first series of values; and calculating a first quality measure indicative of a disturbance in a relative position of the intended target position and the actual target position based on the first series of values. An alternative method in which the electron beam is scanned over the edge is also disclosed, as well as an X-ray source configured to perform the methods.

A computer-assisted method for determining an element fraction of a determination element, in particular with a small atomic number, especially lithium, of an examination region of a sample bombarded with primary electrons, wherein a backscattered electron signal, preferably a backscattered electron image, captured using a backscattered electron detector and a spectroscopy element composition of the examination region determined using an X-ray spectroscopy detector, such as an EDX detector, are obtained. A practicable quantitative determination can be achieved if a measured gray value SM determined from the backscattered electron signal is combined with element fractions of the spectroscopy element composition in order to determine a fraction of the determination element. A device for processing data and to a computer product for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

An X-ray generating apparatus and an imaging device. The X-ray generating apparatus includes: a casing; a heat-conduction member, the heat-conduction member being arranged to run through the casing, and a through-channel being provided in the interior of the heat-conduction member, the through-channel being configured to circulate a cooling medium; an anode target, the anode target being configured to receive electron bombardment in order to generate X-rays, and the anode target is arranged in the casing and surrounding the heat-conduction member in a rotatable fashion. The imaging device includes a cooling system and an X-ray generating apparatus. The cooling system is in communication with two ends of the heat-conduction member, and the cooling system is configured to convey a cooling medium into the heat-conduction member.

This invention provides an islandless half-slot folded waveguide slow-wave structure, a slow-wave circuit, and a traveling wave tube. The folded waveguide slow-wave structure includes a multi-periodic cavity structure defined by multiple staggered upper and lower gratings. The folded waveguide slow-wave structure includes a connected straight waveguide section, a waveguide connecting section, and an electron beam channel. The waveguide connecting section includes an inner boundary located within the boundary defined by the electron beam channel. The intersection of the centerline of the inner boundary and the axis of the electron beam channel is located on the inner boundary. This folded waveguide slow-wave structure eliminates the island structure found in conventional folded waveguides, improves the slow-wave circuit's resistance to electron bombardment, and provides stronger structural toughness at the electron beam channel, thus solving the problem of insufficient strength in slow-wave structures at terahertz high frequencies.