The invention discloses an urban river ecological remediation system based on waterfront movement upper limb traction device aeration. The urban river ecological remediation system is constituted by connecting an energy transmitting and converting unit, an upper limb traction unit, a microporous aeration unit and a landscape plant restoration unit in sequence, wherein the energy transmitting and converting unit is composed of an outer cylinder, a middle cover, an inner cylinder, a packing cup, a steel ball one-way valve, a hollow base and an inverted-cross-shaped support, the upper limb traction unit is composed of a dual-track pulley, an upper steel wire rope, a lower steel wire rope, a spring fastener, a metal ring and an upper limb traction device, the microporous aeration unit is composed of a three-way unit, an air delivery pipe, an air stopping valve and a microporous aeration pipe, and the landscape plant restoration unit is composed of a fixed rotary shaft, a connecting ring, emergent aquatic plants, a filler string net, a cylindroid frame and a weaving net cover. Mechanical energy generated when the upper limb traction device is utilized is converted into mechanical energyof an aeration device, thus the dissolved content of oxygen in water is increased, and through combination of an ecological remediation floating floor which can move with water current, eutrophic urban rivers are remedied, and the urban river ecological remediation system has the advantages of being environmentally friendly, attractive, simple in structure, economical and practical.