The invention relates to a preparation method of catalyzed synthesis of mesophase pitch. The method comprises the steps that catalytic polymerization of purified pitch, a pure aromatic compound and boron trifluoride or boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, the catalyst boron trifluoride etherate or boron trifluoride are added into a low-temperature reaction kettle according to the reaction mass ratio being 1:100-1:200, the heating temperature is 100-260 DEG C, the pressure is controlled to 0.5-2 Mpa to perform a reaction, pyridine is added into a cooled solid phase component, the temperature is increased to 100-150 DEG C, solids generated in the reaction are filtered out, and boron trifluoride is removed to obtain high-purity polymerized pitch; then, further thermal polymerization and micromolecule removal are performed to obtain the mesophase pitch. The reaction controllability is good, the catalyst is good in safety, the pitch can be recycled, and a polytetrafluoroethylene liner and a graphite liner are adopted to obtain the high-quality synthesis mesophase pitch. The problem that a catalyst existing in an existing method of catalytic synthesis of mesophase pitch is large in toxin and hard to remove is solved.