35results about How to "Mild response" patented technology

The invention provides an electrochemical biosensor based on a nanoparticle modified multilayer porous membrane and application of the electrochemical biosensor. The nano particle modified multilayer porous membrane is composed of a plurality of modified nano particles among membranes with nano pore channels. The electrochemical biosensor constructed based on the nanoparticle modified multilayer porous membrane has the following advantages: (1) good conductivity and stability; and (2) multiple capture probes are modified on the surfaces of the nano pore channels of the multi-layer porous membrane, so that multiple different targets can be respectively detected, and multiple different targets can also be detected at the same time. And (3) enzyme-free double-target sensitive normal-temperature amplification-free detection can be carried out. (4) preparation steps are simple, consumed time is short, and operability is high; and (5) the sensitivity and the specificity are high.

The invention relates to a polycarboxylate superplasticizer as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Comprising the following steps: mixing and dissolving IPEG and water, heating to a certain temperature, and adding an oxidizing agent to prepare a solution A; mixing a reducing agent and a chain transfer agent, and adding water to prepare a solution B; mixing an unsaturated acid monomer and a phosphate group-containing monomer, and adding water to prepare a solution C; and adding the solution B and the solution C into the solution A, stirring at a constant temperature until the reaction is completed, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the polycarboxylate superplasticizer, thereby completing the reaction. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the adsorption of the polycarboxylic acid water reducer to the micro powder is reduced, and the dispersion effect of the polycarboxylic acid water reducer is improved, so that the working performance of the high-micro-powder regenerated masonry mortar is improved, and the like.

The invention discloses a preparation method for expanding the interlayer spacing of a two-dimensional lamellar material through self-generation of carbon dioxide by cooperation of phytic acid and urea. Hydrogen ions are ionized through phytic acid, urea is ionized, urea cations are generated, and therefore phytic acid and urea can smoothly enter the interlayer of the two-dimensional lamellar material. The phytic acid and the urea successfully react between layers of the two-dimensional lamellar material through heating to generate carbon dioxide, and the generated carbon dioxide can further enlarge the interlayer spacing of the two-dimensional lamellar material. In addition, the interlayer spacing of the two-dimensional lamellar material is enlarged, so that the two-dimensional lamellar material has a good mechanical enhancement effect and a good carbon dioxide fixing effect. When the exfoliated two-dimensional nanosheet material prepared by the method is applied to a polymer matrix, the flame retardant property and the mechanical property of the matrix can be improved.

The invention discloses a lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus CCFM1520 for transforming curcumin to produce tetrahydrocurcumin to relieve nervous anxiety, and belongs to the technical field of microorganisms. The lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus CCFM1520 screened by the invention has the capability of converting curcumin, and can utilize curcumin and generate tetrahydrocurcumin. The invention further provides a synbiotic preparation prepared from the lactobacillus gasseri CCFM1481 and curcumin, the synbiotic preparation can be used as an anti-fatigue functional medicine, the individual behavioral memory level can be improved, the imbalance of body neurotransmitters (DA, 5-HT and NE) can be slowed down, the expression of body neuroprotection related genes (BDNF, TrkB, DRD1 and TH) can be improved, and the synbiotic preparation has a huge application prospect.

This invention discloses a wide-interlayer-spacing molybdenum disulfide catalyst, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of water electrolysis for hydrogen production energy conversion technology. The preparation method includes the following steps: preparing a molybdenum disulfide precursor solution using a molybdenum source and a sulfur source; then subjecting the molybdenum disulfide precursor solution to a hydrothermal reaction with a carbon-containing interlayer-spacing regulator; and obtaining the wide-interlayer-spacing molybdenum disulfide catalyst after centrifugation and washing. The carbon-containing interlayer-spacing regulator is used to insert into the interlayer of molybdenum disulfide during the hydrothermal reaction, increasing the interlayer spacing of the (002) crystal planes of the obtained molybdenum disulfide catalyst. The wide-interlayer-spacing molybdenum disulfide catalyst of this invention facilitates electrolyte penetration and hydrogen bubble release, effectively avoids active site blockage, enhances the intrinsic conductivity of the catalyst, accelerates internal charge transport, increases active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction, and improves the intrinsic hydrogen evolution catalytic activity of the catalyst.

The invention provides a synthesis method of 1-amino-2-cyano-1-cyclopentene, which comprises the following steps: 1, mixing an ionic liquid and a super-strong organic alkali in a protective gas atmosphere, heating, stirring, uniformly mixing and dissolving to obtain a material A; the ionic liquid is selected from at least one of [BMIM] PF6, [BMIM] BF4, [BMIM] NTf2, [BMIM] OTf and [BMIM] OAc; 2, adiponitrile is dropwise added into the material A under stirring for a reaction, and a material B rich in 1-amino-2-cyano-1-cyclopentene is obtained; 3, cooling and crystallizing the material B, and carrying out pressure filtration to obtain an ACCP crude product; and 4, recrystallizing and refining the obtained ACCP crude product to obtain a pure product. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, sustainable production, low cost, low content of generated three wastes, mild reaction conditions and suitability for industrial production.

The application discloses a preparation method of zolmitriptan, relates to the technical field of drug synthesis, and comprises the following steps: adding compound 1 and reagent 1 into solvent 1 to perform a first reaction to obtain compound 2; adding the compound 2, reagent 2 and reagent 3 into solvent 2 to perform a second reaction to obtain compound 3 and the like. Compared with the prior art, the application provides a novel synthetic route for preparing zolmitriptan, the route uses L-4-bromophenylalanine as a starting material, and new synthetic steps are adopted, such as using reagent 5, such as a t-butyl alcohol metal salt and sodium hydride, to construct the oxazolidinone structure in zolmitriptan and using a coupling reaction to construct the indole ring in zolmitriptan, so that the yield of the obtained target product is significantly improved, the use of high-toxicity and high-risk reagents in the existing synthetic route is effectively avoided, and a mild, efficient, green and environmentally-friendly synthetic route for preparing zolmitriptan is provided.

This invention belongs to the field of hollow multi-component nanomaterial preparation technology, specifically disclosing a hollow Cu3NbSe4 nanomaterial, its preparation method, and its application. The microstructure of the nanomaterial is a nanoscale hollow cubic structure. The preparation method includes: (1) dissolving niobium source and selenium source separately in oleylamine solvent by heating for later use; (2) treating the soluble copper source and the niobium source dissolved in (1) in a high-boiling-point organic solvent for deoxygenation and dehydration, and then carrying out a solvothermal reaction; (3) when (2) is heated to a certain temperature, injecting the selenium source dissolved in (1) to carry out a solvothermal reaction, and separating the obtained solid product after the reaction is completed. The synthesis process of this invention is simple, the reaction conditions are mild, and the energy consumption and cost are low; more importantly, it realizes the preparation of hollow Cu3NbSe4 nanomaterial with uniform morphology and size, high crystallinity, and stronger light absorption capacity, and the prepared hollow Cu3NbSe4 shows excellent performance in photocatalytic hydrogen production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of synthesis, and particularly relates to a small reactor for preparing a chilo suppressalis pheromone intermediate and application of the small reactor. According to the small reactor, rapid mixing is achieved through a threaded mixing pipe, the introduction amount of a hydrobromic acid solution is controlled in the mixing process, and a reaction from low concentration to unilateral bromination of hydrobromic acid is achieved; meanwhile, a mixed solution obtained after the bromination reaction is mixed with a sodium bicarbonate solution in a spraying mode, the washing neutralization effect is achieved, standing, cooling and layering are formed through pressure release valves arranged in a gradient mode, and finally a methylbenzene solution and an aqueous solution are obtained. The method is mild in reaction condition, short in reaction time, high in reaction efficiency, high in automation degree, low in energy consumption and good in safety, meets the green chemical engineering concept and is easy to industrially apply.

The application belongs to the field of nanometer material preparation, and particularly relates to a hollow polydopamine nanometer material coordinated with multiple metal ions, a synthesis method and application. The application is Co / Fe / Ni-Zn polydopamine coordinated with multiple metal ions, has a hollow structure, the particle size of Fe-Zn polydopamine coordinated with multiple metal ions is 238-272nm, the particle size of Co-Zn polydopamine coordinated with multiple metal ions is 45-56nm, and the particle size of Ni-Zn polydopamine coordinated with multiple metal ions is 58-70nm. The application forms the hollow polydopamine nanometer material coordinated with multiple metal ions with controllable size through an etching template method, which is different from a single polydopamine structure, the prepared composite material has good crystallinity, is uniformly and stably dispersed, has higher nanometer enzyme catalytic activity, and has a good application prospect in solar cells, biological photothermal imaging and treatment, and drug loading.

The application discloses a method for improving the synthesis efficiency and quality of alpha-hydroxy acid borneol and borneol. In view of the problems existing in the traditional borneol synthesis process, alpha-hydroxy acid is used instead of anhydrous oxalic acid as an esterification agent, one or more of boric acid, phenylboric acid, boron oxide and VB2 is used as a catalyst, and an acid anhydride is added, and the intermediate product alpha-hydroxy acid borneol is obtained by stirring reaction at room temperature. After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is filtered out by standing and precipitating, and the reaction product is washed to neutral with water. The monoterpenes by-product in the product is separated by water vapor distillation to obtain crude alpha-hydroxy acid borneol. The crude borneol is separated and purified by column chromatography to obtain refined alpha-hydroxy acid borneol. Finally, the borneol ester is saponified, and the borneol with a purity of more than 98% is obtained by water vapor distillation. The application can complete the reaction by stirring at room temperature, and there is no danger of heating, material flushing and explosion, and the total borneol yield can reach more than 45%, and the normal borneol accounts for more than 80% of the total borneol.

The application discloses a method for preparing 4-halogen-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid alkyl ester, which is prepared by a Reformatsky reaction with halogenated acetaldehyde and 2-bromine zinc propionate as raw materials. The reaction has mild conditions, good economy, no toxicity and harm, and high safety factor, and is suitable for industrial large-scale production. The Reformatsky S reaction and the subsequent dehydration reaction generate mainly inorganic solid waste zinc halide as well as a small amount of organic by-products, and the reaction solvent can be recycled, so that the pollution is very small.

The present application belongs to the technical field of special paper pulping, and particularly relates to a method for preparing sisal pulp, which comprises seven steps of raw material purification, constant temperature pre-dipping, segmented temperature rising alkali cooking, continuous beating, mild bleaching, sand removal and concentration, and board drying, and uses waste and short sisal fibers from sisal processing plants as raw materials; the present application optimizes and limits the pre-dipping and cooking core process parameters, and matches a composite additive system, so that the prepared sisal pulp fiber is clean, the whiteness is greater than or equal to 72%, and the strength performance is consistent with that of long fiber sisal pulp; meanwhile, solid waste resource utilization is realized, the pulping pollution load is low, the cost is reduced by 60% compared with traditional long fiber pulping, the present application is consistent with the green and circular economic concept, and can be widely applied to the preparation of special papers such as banknote paper, insulating paper and tea bag paper.

The application discloses a method for treating dibenzene organic pollutants in water bodies, which comprises the following steps: electrolyzing wastewater to be treated and adding dithionite to carry out a redox reaction to obtain purified water; and the wastewater to be treated contains sodium chloride and dibenzene organic pollutants. The method for treating dibenzene organic pollutants in water bodies is carried out under normal temperature and pressure, is mild in reaction, is environmentally friendly, is easy to operate, is low in cost, has good degradation effect on dibenzene organic pollutants in the environment, and has great application potential in the field of environmental pollution treatment.

The invention discloses a fluorine-containing pyridine nitrogen oxide derivative and a synthesis method thereof. The structure of the compound of the invention is: wherein R1 is ‑CH3, ‑OCH3, ‑Br, ‑Cl or ‑COOCH3. The invention realizes a free radical reaction between pyridine nitrogen oxide and ethyl bromodifluoroacetate under visible light catalysis, thereby completing the synthesis of the fluorine-containing pyridine nitrogen oxide derivative. The difluoroalkylation reaction of the pyridine nitrogen oxide of the invention has high reactivity, easy access to substrates, and relatively low fluorine-containing reagents, and low cost; the method of the invention has the characteristics of mild reaction, simple operation, wide substrate adaptability and high yield.

The invention discloses a method for preparing vinyl sulfate. The method comprises: under stirring conditions, ethylene sulfite is subjected to oxidation reaction in a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of (1,1,1-triacetoxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benzidoyl-3(1H)-ketone to generate vinyl sulfate. The method can achieve an ideal yield and has the advantages of relatively reasonable cost, simple and safe operation, low equipment requirements, less three wastes, and the like.

The application discloses rapeseed oil phosphate emulsified acrylate water-based metal antirust paint and a preparation method thereof. The rapeseed oil phosphate emulsified acrylate water-based metal antirust paint comprises the following components in parts by weight: modified acrylate emulsion 55-75 parts, antirust pigment and filler 18-30 parts, functional additive 3-8 parts and deionized water 10-20 parts. The preparation raw materials of the modified acrylate emulsion comprise the following components in parts by weight: acrylate comonomer 35-45 parts, rapeseed oil phosphate 1.5-3.0 parts, initiator 0.2-0.5 parts, pH buffer 0.1-0.3 parts and deionized water 50-60 parts. The modified acrylate emulsion is prepared by using the rapeseed oil phosphate as a reaction-type emulsifier through a semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization process, the emulsion solid content is 45+ / -2%, and the pH value is 7.0-8.5. The rapeseed oil phosphate is an anionic reaction emulsifier prepared by modifying rapeseed oil through epoxidation and phosphate esterification. The application is applied to the technical field of water-based industrial antirust paint compositions.

The invention discloses a functionalized aramid nanofiber as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing an organic solvent, a strong base, aramid fibers and a catalyst, carrying out a stripping activation reaction, and then adding a modification reagent to carry out a Hofmann alkylation reaction so as to prepare the functionalized aramid nanofibers. Aramid fibers are stripped into aramid nanofibers by adopting a method from top to bottom, then a modification reaction reagent is added, the functional aramid nanofibers are prepared through a rapid Hofmann alkylation reaction, and molecular chains in the nanofibers are aramid molecular chains, so that the crystal structure of the aramid fibers is not damaged, and the performance of the functional aramid nanofibers is improved. The mechanical property of the nanofiber is ensured; the surface of the prepared nanofiber is grafted with a large number of functional groups, and the grafting number is larger than that of a polymerization method; the method is mild in reaction process, controllable in reaction degree, good and perfect in nanofiber morphology and designable in functional group composition, and has functional application possibilities in multiple aspects of biological medicine, environment, energy and the like.

The application discloses a kind of synthesis methods of high-purity 2-bromo-6-nitrobenzaldehyde, belong to organic synthesis technical field, the synthesis method is at 20-30 ℃, 1,2-dichloroethane, 2-bromo-6-nitrotoluene is mixed, stirring is dissolved, N-bromine phthalimide and initiator are mixed, heating to 70-100 ℃, reflux reaction, cooling to 20-30 ℃, post-processing is obtained compound A;Compound A is mixed with acetonitrile, temperature control is 0-10 ℃, batch is added urotropine, stirring is at 20-40 ℃, acetic acid is added, stirring is at 70-100 ℃, post-processing is obtained 2-bromo-6-nitrobenzaldehyde;The synthesis method of the application can solve the problems of low product yield, low purity, poor quality, serious three waste pollution, high cost and difficult industrialization existing in the prior art of 2-bromo-6-nitrobenzaldehyde synthesis method.

The invention relates to a preparation method of an etoricoxib intermediate, and belongs to the technical field of drug intermediate synthesis. In order to solve the problems of poor safety and low product yield in the prior art, the invention provides the preparation method of the etoricoxib intermediate, and the method comprises the following steps: in the presence of an alkaline substance, carrying out substitution reaction on a compound as shown in a formula III and methyl nicotinate to obtain a compound as shown in a formula II; under the action of an acidic material, the compound in the formula II is subjected to hydrolysis reaction to be converted into the product etoricoxib intermediate in the formula I compound. The method has the advantages that the reaction selectivity is high, a Grignard reagent is not needed for reaction, the operation safety is greatly improved, the reaction condition is mild, and the single-step intermediate product is high in purity and high in yield.

The present application relates to the field of environmental monitoring and chemical analysis technology, and discloses a kind of determination method of ammonia nitrogen in tail liquid of comprehensive utilization of platinum-containing waste catalyst, comprising the following steps: S1, sample dilution: accurately pipetting 1.00mL to-be-measured tail liquid, placing in 100mL volumetric flask, with ammonia-free pure water constant volume to the scale and fully mixed, to obtain A solution, to achieve 100 times controllable dilution.The present application effectively solves the core technical problems such as high acid inhibition of color development, aluminum ion precipitation embedding ammonia nitrogen, liquid alkali dilution, and exogenous nitrogen pollution through targeted pretreatment process and determination integration technology, fills the blank of special ammonia nitrogen determination method for such complex matrix samples, and meets the needs of laboratory routine monitoring and industrial application.

The application discloses a preparation method of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid synthesized by composite molecular sieve ZSM-5 and a water-reducing process, and relates to the following steps: under alkaline conditions, 2,4-dichlorophenol is reacted with a sodium chloroacetate solution under the catalysis of a composite molecular sieve catalyst to obtain 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt crude product through condensation; and then hydrolysis and hydrochloric acid acidification are carried out to obtain 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid product. The process can reduce energy consumption, shorten reaction time and reduce production cost in obtaining 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and can improve the conversion rate and yield of the product and the color of the product. When a new batch of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt crude product is dissolved in the acidification reaction, the washing water of the last batch of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used as the solvent reaction liquid, and the washing water of the last batch is used for the first water washing of the final product and is used in turn. The water consumption is reduced, the wastewater treatment cost is reduced, the conversion rate and yield of the product are improved, the product has high purity, the process is simple, the conditions are mild, and the raw materials can be recycled.

The invention relates to a synthesis method of disopyramide, which comprises the following steps: by taking 1-phenyl-1-formamido ethylene and 3-chloropropene as raw materials, carrying out olefin metathesis reaction to obtain a compound 2, then carrying out addition reaction on the compound 2 and 2-bromopyridine to generate a compound 3, then carrying out affinity substitution reaction on the compound 3 and N, N-diisopropylamine to obtain the disopyramide. And finally, recrystallizing with methanol to obtain the target compound. The raw and auxiliary materials used in the method are low in price, the reaction condition is mild and easy to control, the reaction route is short, the total conversion rate is high, the target product purity is qualified, and the method is suitable for industrial large-scale production.

The invention discloses lactobacillus crispatus capable of realizing an anti-aging effect based on multiple target spots and application of the lactobacillus crispatus to conversion of liquorice for synergism, and belongs to the technical field of microorganisms and the technical field of medicines. The lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1362 provided by the invention can be used for fermenting a licorice extract, increasing the contents of glycyrrhetinic acid, semi-licoflavone B, naringenin chalcone and other substances and enhancing the effect of the licorice extract, so that the multi-target anti-aging effect is realized, which is specifically reflected as follows: (1) the content of beta-galactosidase in liver tissues is inhibited; (2) reducing the level of senescence-related secretion phenotypes in liver tissues; (3) activating an Nrf2 related pathway, and reducing the oxidative stress level; (4) NF-kappa B related pathways are activated, and the chronic inflammation level is reduced. Therefore, the lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1362 and the licorice extract have a huge application prospect in the production of products with anti-aging effects.

The application discloses a camphor sapogenin cinnamic acid derivative with bursaphelenchus xylophilus killing activity and a preparation method thereof. In the preparation method, the camphor sapogenin is protected at a C28-OH derivative site to obtain an intermediate I; other hydroxyl groups on the camphor sapogenin are protected by using triethylamine as a catalyst and acetic anhydride to obtain an intermediate II; the C28-OH derivative site is deprotected by using a hydrochloric acid methanol solution to obtain an intermediate III; trans-cinnamic acid is subjected to acylation reaction with the C28-OH derivative site to generate an intermediate IV; nucleophilic addition reaction is performed on an amino group on a p-aminophenol and an aldehyde group in the intermediate IV to obtain an intermediate V; acetyl chloride is used to remove acetyl groups on the camphor sapogenin, and finally the camphor sapogenin cinnamic acid derivative is prepared. The camphor sapogenin cinnamic acid derivative of the application significantly improves the bursaphelenchus xylophilus resistance by means of active group cooperation, the process is simple, the reaction is mild, and the application is suitable for industrial production.

The invention discloses a super-hydrophilic photothermal conversion stainless steel mesh and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of plating of metal materials. The preparation method of the super-hydrophilic photo-thermal conversion stainless steel mesh comprises the following steps: cleaning the stainless steel mesh; preparing a copper sulfate solution and carrying out electroplating and chemical plating; preparing a TCNQ acetonitrile solution and carrying out hydrothermal reaction; preparing a KAuBr4 aqueous solution and carrying out hydrothermal reaction; the super-hydrophilic photo-thermal conversion stainless steel mesh prepared by the invention can be used for oil-water separation, dye degradation and seawater desalination; moreover, pure water can be collected from a seawater solution containing heavy metal ions, a crude oil emulsion and a system containing dye wastewater, and the method has a good application prospect.

The invention relates to a carbon quantum dot / MoS2 nanosheet composite material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method is as follows: ultrasonically dissolving a sulfonic acid precursor and trinitropyrene in water, reacting, filtering and dialysis the initial product, drying the initial product, obtaining a solid powder of carbon quantum dots, dissolving the solid powder with an inorganic salt of Mo and an inorganic salt of S in water, stirring, obtaining an inorganic salt solution, reacting, centrifuging, washing, vacuum drying, and obtaining a carbon quantum dot / MoS2 nanosheet composite material. The carbon quantum dots have sufficient active sites and abundant surface functional groups, and the sulfur vacancies of molybdenum disulfide are increased by affecting the electron density through different groups, thereby regulating the MoS2 structure to form nanosheets. Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the invention is simple and easy to operate, low in cost, mild in reaction, low in toxicity, and simple in post-processing. The prepared molybdenum disulfide has high yield, good quality, and stable structure. The synthesized MoS2 nanosheet has an adjustable thickness, and is suitable for industrial mass production of nano-sized MoS2 nanosheets.

The present application belongs to zinc-nickel alloy plating layer, and particularly relates to an alkaline stripping solution for removing unqualified zinc-nickel alloy plating layer, a preparation method and application thereof. In order to safely and efficiently remove unqualified zinc-nickel alloy plating layer, the present application provides an alkaline stripping solution, which is composed of the following components in terms of mass concentration: main salt: NaOH 100-180 g / L; oxidizing agent: sodium nitrate 180-200 g / L and NaClO 10-20 g / L; complexing agent: salicylaldehyde oxime 30-50 g / L and diethylene triamine 30-50 g / L; corrosion inhibitor: 2-acetylpyrrole or 4-piperidine carboxamide 2-10 g / L; wetting agent: sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.5-1.5 g / L. After the components in the alkaline stripping solution are mixed in proportion, the alkaline stripping solution can be directly used for removing unqualified zinc-nickel alloy plating layer, the stripping rate reaches 0.6-1 um / min, and the stripping temperature range is wide without damaging the substrate.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing amide by inducing amine and carbon dioxide through visible light. According to the method, an amine olefin compound is used as a reaction substrate, carbon dioxide is used as a carbonyl source, an organic solvent is used as a reaction medium, mercaptan is used as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent, a photocatalyst, phosphine substances and organic alkali are added, and the corresponding amide compound is generated through reaction under irradiation of visible light. According to the method, carbon dioxide is used as a carbonyl source for photocatalytic synthesis of amide, so that the method can be used as an effective way for recycling carbon dioxide, CO2 emission is effectively reduced, a high-added-value fine chemical amide compound can be obtained, dangerous articles such as transition metal and an activated coupling agent do not need to be added, and the method is environment-friendly. And environmental pollution caused by generation of a large amount of transition metal wastes is avoided.