The invention discloses a device and a method for rapidly measuring suction and shear strength of an unsaturated soil matrix. The device comprises a centrifugal machine cabin, a thread cutting workbench, a pressurizing system, a pressure sensor, a breathable pressure applying cover, a shearing box, a drainage collecting box, a ball, a sliding way, a shearing force applying system, a shearing forcesensor and a displacement sensor, wherein the shearing box is connected with the drainage collecting box and makes contact with a sliding way of the thread cutting workbench through the ball, the pressurizing system is installed at the axis of the cabin, and pressure acts on the sample through a breathable pressure cover, the shearing force applying system is mounted at the bottom of the centrifugal machine cabin, shearing force vertically acts on the lower shearing box upwards, and force and displacement values are collected through the pressure sensor, the shearing force sensor and the displacement sensor. The method comprises the following steps of preparing a sample, installing a sample, matrix suction measurement, unsaturated strength measurement and moisture content measurement. Thedevice is advantaged in that rapid measurement of unsaturated sample matrix suction and unsaturated strength can be realized, and the device is of great significance to research of unsaturated soil.