The invention provides a technological method for comprehensively recovering rhenium, sulfur and arsenic through self-heating volatilization of rhenium, sulfur and arsenic-containing acid mud in a vortex furnace. The method comprises the following steps: drying a rhenium, sulfur and arsenic-containing acid mud raw material until a material discharged from a kiln is loose, adding a slag material, finely crushing, feeding into a vortex furnace, and carrying out volatilization and smelting, carrying out oxidation and exothermic reaction on the furnace material, wherein under the condition that the temperature is increased to 1400 DEG C or above and in an oxidizing combustion atmosphere, all rhenate in the furnace charge can be decomposed and volatilized, arsenic is oxidized into As2O3 steam, sulfur is oxidized into SO2 steam, and the As2O3 steam and the SO2 steam enter flue gas together; and carrying out rhenium and arsenic enrichment on the high-temperature flue gas in a flue gas washing tower, and feeding SO2 into a subsequent desulfurization tower for sulfur recovery. According to the method, the heat efficiency is high, more than 50% of energy is saved, high-value rare elements are saved, the direct recovery rate is about 10-30% higher, precious resources are effectively saved, the waste slag amount is reduced by about 75-90%, the waste slag is ferro-silicon calcium slag which is free of toxic substances and can be utilized, and the problem of secondary environmental pollution in a traditional method is thoroughly solved.