The invention provides a metal microcavity optical coupling terahertz quantum well photon detector, which comprises a semiconductor substrate, a metal reflective layer, a multi-quantum well structure and a metal grating, wherein the metal grating, the multi-quantum well structure and the metal reflective layer form a metal resonant microcavity with a Fabry-Perot structure, incident photons are enabled to form a resonant mode conforming to the Fabry-Perot structure in the cavity through adjusting the period of the metal grating, the width of a metal strip and the thickness of the multi-quantum well structure, and a strong field region is formed in the metal resonant microcavity, thereby improving the effective strength of incident light, and improving the response rate, the detection sensitivity and the working temperature of the device. The metal microcavity optical coupling terahertz quantum well photo detector has the advantages of simple structure, obvious effect, strong practicability, and is applicable to industrial production.