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176 results about "Zero field" patented technology
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ST-RAM Cells with Perpendicular Anisotropy
ActiveUS20100109110A1Magnetic-field-controlled resistorsDigital storagePerpendicular anisotropySpins
Magnetic spin-torque memory cells, often referred to as magnetic tunnel junction cells, which have magnetic anisotropies (i.e., magnetization orientation at zero field and zero current) of the associated ferromagnetic layers aligned perpendicular to the wafer plane, or “out-of-plane”. A memory cell may have a ferromagnetic free layer, a first pinned reference layer and a second pinned reference layer, each having a magnetic anisotropy perpendicular to the substrate. The free layer has a magnetization orientation perpendicular to the substrate that is switchable by spin torque from a first orientation to an opposite second orientation.
Owner:SEAGATE TECH LLC
System for detecting zero-field resonance
ActiveUS20160223627A1Width minimizedImprove maximizationAnalysis using optical pumpingAnalysis using electron paramagnetic resonanaceResonanceBias field
A zero-field paramagnetic resonance magnetometer (ZF-PRM) system and method for quickly and efficiently finding and optimizing the zero-field (ZF) resonance is described. In this system and method a magnetic coil is used to apply a magnetic bias field in the direction of the pump beam to artificially broaden the width and maximize the strength of the ZF resonance. By making the ZF resonance easy to detect, the ZF resonance may be found quickly found without the use of additional components and complex algorithms. Once the ZF resonance is found, a compensating magnetic field can be applied to null the magnetic field in the vicinity of the vapor cell in the ZF-PRM, thereby initializing it for operation.
Owner:QUSPIN
Method for detecting zero-field resonance
ActiveUS9116201B2Width minimizedImprove maximizationAnalysis using optical pumpingAnalysis using electron paramagnetic resonanaceResonanceBias field
Owner:QUSPIN
Stable magnetic rheological liquid and its preparation method
InactiveCN1414075AImproving magnetorheological propertiesImprove wear resistanceAdditivesSuspended particlesIron powder
A high-stability magnetic rheopectic liquid is prepared from the magnetic suspended phase including reduced and phosphonated carbonyl iron powder, liquir carrier, nano-class inorganic bentonite or silica oxide-type thixotropic agent and surfactant through cleaning the surface of suspended particles, activating and synthesizing the magnetic rheopectic liquid. Its advantages are high stability without deposition, better antiwear nature, zero field viscosity and ideal rheopectic characteristics.
Owner:CHONGQING MATERIALS RES INST
Gear tooth sensor with single magnetoresistive bridge
ActiveUS20090256552A1Improve accuracyImprove signal outputMagnetic-field-controlled resistorsSolid-state devicesGear wheelDifferential signaling
The invention discloses a rotation sensor suitable for gear wheels. MR (magneto-resistive) sensors are placed inside a zero field region generated by at least two permanent magnets. Said sensors are divided into two groups that are immersed in different locally generated magnetic environments. A differential signal taken between the two groups then senses the movement of the wheel's teeth. A single wafer method for manufacturing the device is also briefly described.
Owner:HEADWAY TECH INC
Remote keyless entry system with two-way long range communication
ActiveUS20060077037A1Expand the scope of operationProgramme controlElectric signal transmission systemsDiagnostic dataRadio frequency signal
Vehicle information (e.g., status information, calibratable parameters, or diagnostic data) is transmitted from a base station mounted in a vehicle to a portable RKE fob via a radio-frequency signal within a specified average field strength limit. A multi-byte vehicle message is formed and then coded into a multi-bit coded message. The multi-bit coded message is framed into a plurality of packets. The radio-frequency signal is wirelessly transmitted from the base station with a plurality of spaced packet windows having a predetermined duty cycle, each packet window including a respective one of the plurality of packets. The radio-frequency signal within each of the packet windows has a predetermined field strength greater than the average field strength limit and a substantially zero field strength between the packet windows. The predetermined duty cycle results in an actual average field strength for transmitting all of the packets not exceeding the average field strength limit.
Owner:LEAR CORP
Magnetorheologicai polishing liquid and preparation method thereof
InactiveCN101139504AEasy to polishImprove uniformityMagnetic liquidsPolishing compositionsSurface finishMagnetization
The invention relates to a magnetic rheological polishing fluid and a preparing method for the fluid. The magnetic rheological polishing fluid comprises by volume magnetic particles 30-40%, pure water 45-55%, additive 5-10%, surface active agent 3-5% and polishing powder 5-8%. The preparing method comprises: the magnetic particles are surface cleaned and activated, the surfaces of the magnetic particles are treated by a hi-speed ball pulverizer. The magnetic rheological polishing fluid prepared by the invention is of hydrolyzation function. The preparing method is simple. The fluid is of a good resistance to settlement and conglobation, low zero-field viscosity, high polishing efficiency, good effect, long service life, and is applicable for optic polishing. The invention solves such problems of prior magnetic rheological polishing fluid as high viscosity, weak magnetizing strength, liable to caking, not stable in settling and conglobation, liable to rust, short service life and low efficiency. The magnetic rheological polishing fluid prepared by the invention is of high efficiency, and can facilitate the surface finish of a k9 glass to increase from 400nm to 0.6 nm in 30 minutes. The invention can be widely used in the super surface polishing of optic glass.
Owner:XIAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV
Imaging method for obtaining spatial distribution of nanoparticles in the body
InactiveUS20100066363A1Accurate and high-spatially resolved imageAccurate focusDiagnostic recording/measuringMeasurements using NMR imaging systemsVoxelHigh spatial resolution
A well-posed magnetic imaging method is disclosed that exploits the non-linear behavior of the characteristic time scale of the Neel relaxation for obtaining accurate high-spatial resolution images of magnetic tracers. The method includes placing an object in a selection field (static field) generated by three pairs of orthogonally arranged coil (drive coils), supplying prudently choice currents to the drive coils, a zero field voxel (ZFV) is formed that can be positioned anywhere in the local region of interest (ROI), switching the magnetizing field off, and collecting an image.
Owner:UNIV HOUSTON SYST
Graphene @Fe3O4 compound water base magnetorheological fluid and preparation method thereof
The invention relates to the field of intelligent magnetic materials and in particular relates to a graphene @Fe3O4 compound water base magnetorheological fluid and a preparation method thereof, solving the problems that existing magnetorheological fluids are easy to settle and the stability and magnetorheological effects of the magnetorheological fluids are difficult to optimize at the same time. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a Fe3O4 water base magnetic fluid with FeCl2.4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O; sequentially adding concentrated sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide to natural flake graphite and sodium nitrate to prepare graphite oxide; and then carrying out ultrasonic dispersion on home-made graphite oxide to prepare graphene oxide, finally adding a surfactant, the Fe3O4 water base magnetic fluid and a reducing agent to graphene oxide, washing the solution with deionized water until the solution is neutral, and then dispersing graphene @Fe3O4 compound magnetic particles in the deionized water to undergo ultrasonic dispersion, removing the precipitates and taking the supernatant, namely the stable graphene @Fe3O4 compound water base magnetorheological fluid, wherein the magnetic particles are graphene @Fe3O4 and account for 5-35wt% of the whole. The method has the advantages of good stability, low zero field viscosity, high shear strain and wide operating temperature range.
Owner:ZHONGBEI UNIV
System and Method for Ion Implantation with Improved Productivity and Uniformity
ActiveUS20100308215A1Improve uniformityIncrease currentThermometer detailsStability-of-path spectrometersProduction rateIon beam
A method comprising introducing an injected gas (e.g., Argon, Xenon) into a beam line region comprising a magnetic scanner is provided herein. The injected gas improves beam current by enhancing (e.g., increasing, decreasing) charge neutralization of the magnetic ion beam (e.g., the ion beam at regions where the scanning magnetic field is non-zero) thereby reducing the current loss due to the zero field effect (ZFE). By reducing the current loss in regions having a magnetic field, the magnetic beam current is increased (e.g., the beam current is increased in regions where the magnetic field is non-zero) raising the overall beam current in a uniform manner over an entire scan path and thereby reducing the effect of the ZFE. In other words, the ZFE is removed by effectively minimizing it through an increase in the magnetized beam current.
Owner:AXCELIS TECHNOLOGIES
Non-barrier three-reflector optical system
InactiveCN101435913AHas rotational symmetryReduce free variableOptical elementsImaging qualityUltraviolet
The invention discloses an unshielded three-reflector optical system, which can be used in a wide spectral imaging system with wave band from ultraviolet to infrared, and is particularly applicable to a preposed object lens of a spectrum imager. The system consists of a main reflector, a secondary reflector and a third reflector with aperture ratio of 1 / 0.5-1 / 3; the system avoids shielding through inclining elements; a beam path of the system is telecentric beam path in the image side; a principle ray of zero field coverage is spread along links of the vertex of each element; a diaphragm is arranged on the secondary reflector; the secondary reflector is arranged on a focal plane of the third reflector; focal power of the main reflector, the secondary reflector and the third reflector is positive, negative and positive respectively; curvature radiuses of the vertexes of the three reflectors approximately meet the condition of Petzval; and types of the three reflectors are Zernike free surfaces. The system has reasonable residual aberration distribution to greatly improve image quality, and can easily avoid shielding, so that the effective use area of each mirror face is equivalent to an original mirror; and the primary ray of the zero field coverage of the system moves along the links of the vertex of each surface, thereby facilitating the processing, assembly and regulation of the system.
Owner:SUZHOU UNIV
Impeller type magneto rheological fluid brake for vehicle
InactiveCN102401046ARealize integrated controlContinuous braking processLiquid resistance brakesBrake actuating mechanismsDrive wheelRoad surface
The invention discloses an impeller magneto rheological fluid brake for a vehicle. The fluid brake consists of a shell, a braking impeller, an electromagnetic device, a bearing shaft, a conical roller bearing, a sealing ring, an end cover and an auxiliary electromagnetic clutch, wherein the electromagnetic device comprises a magnet exciting coil and a magnet insulating copper sleeve; a half shaft on a driving wheel or a steering joint on a non-driving wheel can be taken as the bearing shaft; blades with rectangular sections are distributed on the peripheries of both sides of a disk of the braking impeller; the auxiliary electromagnetic clutch consists of a driving disk, a driven disk and a middle disk which consists of two branch disks transversely crossing the brake shell; the two branch disks are connected through a guide shaft, and form a conjugate friction pair together with the driving and driven disks of the clutch; and the closing and opening states of the conjugate friction pair are controlled by using the resultant force of the pre-tightening force of pre-tightening spring groups on both sides of the shell and the electromagnetic force of the clutch, so that zero-field loss of a magneto rheological fluid can be effectively avoided by using the brake during normal running of the vehicle, the real-time, active and continuous ABS (Antilock Brake System) braking process of the vehicle can be realized during braking, and a braking control process with higher performance than that of a hydraulic mechanical braking system is realized on a low-adhesion road surface.
Owner:NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIVERSITY +1
Magnetic memory bits with perpendicular magnetization switched by current-induced spin-orbit torques
ActiveUS9343658B2Easy to switchImprove efficiencyMagnetic-field-controlled resistorsGalvano-magnetic device detailsIn planeMagnetic memory
Owner:RGT UNIV OF CALIFORNIA
Method and apparatus for shuffling data
Method, apparatus, and program means for shuffling data. The method of one embodiment comprises receiving a first operand having a set of L data elements and a second operand having a set of L control elements. For each control element, data from a first operand data element designated by the individual control element is shuffled to an associated resultant data element position if its flush to zero field is not set and a zero is placed into the associated resultant data element position if its flush to zero field is not set.
Owner:INTEL CORP
System for magnetic scanning and correction of an ion beam
ActiveUS7615763B2Easy to implantEliminate the effects ofElectric discharge tubesSemiconductor/solid-state device manufacturingIon beamPole piece
A magnetic scanner employs constant magnetic fields to mitigate zero field effects. The scanner includes an upper pole piece and a lower pole piece that generate an oscillatory time varying magnetic field across a path of an ion beam and deflect the ion beam in a scan direction. A set of entrance magnets are positioned about an entrance of the scanner and generate a constant entrance magnetic field across the path of the ion beam. A set of exit magnets are positioned about an exit of the scanner and generate a constant exit magnetic field across the path of the ion beam.
Owner:AXCELIS TECHNOLOGIES
Method for in-situ compensation of residual magnetic field of single-beam SERF atom magnetometer
InactiveCN109738837AQuick and accurate compensationIncreased zero-field resonance widthMagnetic field measurement using magneto-optic devicesActive compensationSingle beam
The invention relates to a method for in-situ compensation of a residual magnetic field of a single-beam SERF (Spin-Exchange-Relaxation-Free) atom magnetometer, and belongs to the field of atom magnetometers. Due to the fact that the SERF atom magnetometer is extremely high in precision, an SERF state meeting the working state requirements is more dependent on a high-quality zero-magnetic environment, passive compensation is difficult to achieve, and an active compensation method of locking an extreme point of the output curve is greatly affected by the environment, the noise and the like; anddue to the fact that the single-beam atom magnetometer only has a beam of light, the magnetic field compensation methods for a double-beam atom magnetometer are limited. According to the designed method, an offset is added in a direction of a non-sensitive axis of the single-beam SERF magnetometer in order to increase the resonance width of a zero field, so that the output response is more obvious, and FFT of an output signal is compensated by three-axis modulation, so that the residual magnetic field can be more accurately compensated to the zero point, and the method can be applied to the fields of automation, miniaturization and the like of cardio-cerebral magnetic measurement of the ultra-high-precision SERF atom magnetometer in the future.
Owner:BEIHANG UNIV
Magnetorheological damper having parallel normally-open holes and methods for calculating zero-field damping coefficient, on-field damping coefficient and damping force of magnetorheological damper
ActiveCN104100671ANo instant impactReduce damping forceSpringsNon-rotating vibration suppressionSemi activeMechanical models
The invention discloses a magnetorheological damper having parallel normally-open holes and methods for calculating zero-field damping coefficient, on-field damping coefficient and damping force of the magnetorheological damper. The magnetorheological damper comprises a cylinder, a piston is slidably disposed inside the cylinder, a piston rod is disposed at one end of the piston, the piston rod extends out of one end opening of the cylinder, the piston comprises a core, the sidewall of the core is provided with at least one circular groove in a recessed manner, an excitation coil is wound in each circular groove, a magnetic-shielding protective ring covers the outside of each excitation coil, and magnetic permeability protective rings cover the sidewall of the core, a gap between the magnetic-shielding protective rings and magnetic permeability protective rings and the inner wall of the cylinder forms a circular damping passage in the axial direction, and the core is provided with at least one normally open hole. Under semi-active control of structural vibration, damping force can be controlled for the magnetorheological damper just by switching zero current and maximum current according to a switch control strategy, establishment and solution of a complex reverse mechanical model are avoided, and the control process is simple and practical.
Owner:ACADEMY OF ARMORED FORCES ENG PLA
Polymer dispersed LCD bistable film and method of manufacture
Owner:HEBEI UNIV OF TECH
Improved giant electrorheological fluid and manufacturing method thereof
InactiveCN104774675AReduce sedimentation rateImproved redispersion propertiesAdditivesPower flowMechanical property
Owner:THE HONG KONG UNIV OF SCI & TECH
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper and manufacturing method thereof
InactiveCN101329462AAchieve decentralizationEasy to prepareStatic indicating devicesNon-linear opticsComposite filmPolymer science
The invention relates to a polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper and a manufacturing method thereof. A composite film is constituted by two transparent flexible conductive films and a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer, wherein, electrodes are etched on the two flexible transparent conductive films. A polymer is modified polyurethane acrylate which is added by a surfactant and lecithin, and liquid crystal is dielectric switching liquid crystal material which is the mixture of 20 percent biphenyl ester and 80 percent difluoro diphenylacetylene or the product with the same series. When a low-frequency electric field is imposed on the polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper is in the transparent open state, and the transparent open station is still maintained after removing the electric field; when a high-frequency electric field is imposed, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper is in the scattering closed state, and the scattering closed state is still maintained after removing the electric field. The manufacturing method of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal electronic paper is to form the weak anchoring polymer which is packaged by a dielectric switching liquid crystal droplet structure by separating after mixing the weak anchoring polymer with the dielectric switching liquid crystal. The manufacturing method combines the natures of the weak anchoring polymer and the dielectric switching liquid crystal with the dual-frequency drive of low-frequency writing and high-frequency erasing so as to realize the stable zero-field of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal, thereby obtaining the new electronic paper technology or being applied as a new product of dimming glass.
Owner:HEBEI UNIV OF TECH
Hexagonal ferrite material with high anisotropy and low ferromagnetic resonance line width and preparation method
The invention discloses a hexagonal ferrite material with high anisotropy and low ferromagnetic resonance line width and a preparation method and belongs to the technical field of preparation of ferrite materials. The material is prepared from a main component and a dopant and is characterized in that the main component comprises 67.0mol%-75.0mol% of Fe2O3, 0.5mol%-7.5mol% of SrCO3, 0.5mol%-7.5mol% of BaCO3, 3.5mol%-6.5mol% of Co2O3, 3.5mol%-11.5mol% of La2O3 and 8.5mol%-13.5mol% of CuO; the dopant comprises, in percentage by weight of the main component in terms of oxide, 0.5wt%-2.0wt% of Bi2O3, 0.15wt%-1.0wt% of B2O3, 0.02wt%-0.32wt% of CaCO3, 0.02wt%-0.32wt% of SiO2 and 0.05wt%-0.50wt% of ISOBAM. The ferrite material has the characteristics of high density d larger than 5.20 g / cm<3>, high remanence 4 phi Mr larger than 4.3 kGs, high anisotropic field Ha larger than 15.0 kOe and low ferromagnetic resonance line width delta H smaller than 3,700 e (@44 GHz and Zero field).
Owner:四川诺威胜电子科技有限公司
Pre-bunching high-power gyro traveling wave tube amplifier
InactiveCN102005354ALower requirementAvoid the disadvantage of high microwave energy lossTravelling-wave tubesMicrowaveHigh energy
The invention discloses a pre-bunching high-power gyro traveling wave tube amplifier and relates to a microwave source device technology, comprising three sections: a linear amplifying section which adopts loss loading metal waveguide; an inertial drifting section which adopts heavy loss loading over-mode waveguide to provide an inertial bunching space approximating zero field for a bunching electron beam; and a nonlinear amplifying section which adopts smooth metal waveguide, wherein the gyro electron beam is fully modulated by driving power in the linear section; the modulated electron beam obtains good bunching characteristic according to inertia in the inertial drifting section; and the electron beam with good bunching vehemently reacts with an operating mode in the nonlinear amplifying section and transforms transverse kinetic energy to microwave energy to obtain high-energy microwave output. Both the linear amplifying section and the inertial drifting section are loss loops to guarantee the stability of the device; and the nonlinear amplifying section adopts the pre-bunching electron beam to work, and has the advantages of high power, high stability, and high efficiency.
Owner:INST OF ELECTRONICS CHINESE ACAD OF SCI
A route search method and forwarding system
InactiveCN101060482ASave spaceImprove search speedData switching networksSpecial data processing applicationsRouting tableIp address
Owner:HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
System and method for ion implantation with improved productivity and uniformity
ActiveUS8278634B2Easy to neutralizeReduce impactThermometer detailsLaser detailsProduction rateIon beam
A method comprising introducing an injected gas (e.g., Argon, Xenon) into a beam line region comprising a magnetic scanner is provided herein. The injected gas improves beam current by enhancing (e.g., increasing, decreasing) charge neutralization of the magnetic ion beam (e.g., the ion beam at regions where the scanning magnetic field is non-zero) thereby reducing the current loss due to the zero field effect (ZFE). By reducing the current loss in regions having a magnetic field, the magnetic beam current is increased (e.g., the beam current is increased in regions where the magnetic field is non-zero) raising the overall beam current in a uniform manner over an entire scan path and thereby reducing the effect of the ZFE. In other words, the ZFE is removed by effectively minimizing it through an increase in the magnetized beam current.
Owner:AXCELIS TECHNOLOGIES
Measurement method and measurement system of zero-field paramagnetic resonance
ActiveCN108333207AStrong detection sensitivityImprove spatial resolutionAnalysis using electron paramagnetic resonanaceZero fieldPhysics
The invention discloses a measurement method and measurement system of zero-field paramagnetic resonance. According to the measurement method, a paramagnetic resonance spectrum of target electrons ismeasured by utilizing an NV color center in a diamond base material as a probe; a zero-field condition is utilized, adverse effects caused by molecule random orientation can be resisted and the Zeemaneffect generated by an external electric field can be eliminated, so that a needed energy grade structure is directly detected. For example, a space structure of a molecule can be obtained through analyzing an electron-electron fine interaction effect; a local polar environment of the molecule can be obtained through analyzing an electron-nuclear spin superfine interaction effect; a precision displacement device, an optical co-focusing device and an NV color center probe are combined, and the precision displacement device and a co-focusing microscopic device can realize accurate finding and detection of the NV color center; the NV color center is a single-electron probe and has a nano-scale resolution capability, so that a nano-scale detection capability is realized.
Owner:UNIV OF SCI & TECH OF CHINA
Single layer high brightness full color reflective cholesteric displays
InactiveUS20120120350A1Increase brightnessMaintain superiorityNon-linear opticsLiquid-crystal displayDisplay device
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display, more specifically, to a single layer reflective full color cholesteric display employing full spectrum circularly polarization. The display has not only zero-field long time memory but also paper-like super high brightness and contrast.
Owner:MACRODISPLAY
Method and apparatus for shuffling data
Method, apparatus, and program means for shuffling data. The method of one embodiment comprises receiving a first operand having a set of L data elements and a second operand having a set of L control elements. For each control element, data from a first operand data element designated by the individual control element is shuffled to an associated resultant data element position if its flush to zero field is not set and a zero is placed into the associated resultant data element position if its flush to zero field is not set.
Owner:INTEL CORP
Graphene @Fe3O4 compound organic magnetorheological fluid and preparation method thereof
The invention relates to the field of intelligent magnetic materials and in particular relates to a graphene @Fe3O4 compound organic magnetorheological fluid and a preparation method thereof, solving the problems that existing magnetorheological fluids are easy to settle and the stability and magnetorheological effects of the magnetorheological fluids are difficult to optimize at the same time. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding an organic solvent to FeCl2.4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O to prepare a Fe3O4 organic magnetic fluid; adding cellulose or imidazole to the organic solvent to prepare a homogeneous solution, then adding expanded graphite and carrying out ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a graphene organic solution; finally adding a surfactant, the Fe3O4 organic magnetic fluid and an organic radical carrier fluid to the graphene organic solution and carrying out ultrasonic dispersion, thus obtaining the stable graphene @Fe3O4 compound organic magnetorheological fluid, wherein magnetic particles are graphene @Fe3O4 and account for 10-30wt% of the graphene @Fe3O4 compound organic magnetorheological fluid. The method has the advantages of good stability, low zero field viscosity, high shear strain and wide operating temperature range.
Owner:ZHONGBEI UNIV
Mineral oil based magnetorheological fluid for high power transmission and preparation method thereof
The invention discloses mineral oil based magnetorheological fluid for high power transmission. The mineral oil based magnetorheological fluid comprises the following components by mass percent: 60-80% of magnetic particles, 15-40% of carrier liquid and 2-5% of additives, wherein the magnetic particles are carbonyl iron powder particles and nano ferriferrous oxide particles; the carrier liquid is mineral oil; the additives comprise a surface active agent, a thixotropic agent, an antioxidant and an antiwear agent, meanwhile, the invention further provides a preparation method of the magnetorheological fluid, and the prepared magnetorheological fluid has excellent sedimentation stability, lower zero field viscosity, higher shear yield stress and long service life, and can meet the application requirements of high power transmission devices.
Owner:CHINA UNIV OF MINING & TECH
Electro-optic modulators incorporating quantum dots
InactiveUS20050225828A1Enhance linear electro-optic effectShorter and low voltageNanoopticsNon-linear opticsSemiconductor materialsRefractive index
A modulator is formed of a semiconductor material which utilises the electro-optic effect to achieve a change in the refractive index Δn of the material under the influence of an applied electrical field F (251), in accordance with the equation: Δn=−½ n03 [rF+sF2]≡ΔnL+ΔnQ where n0 is the refractive index of the material at zero field, and ΔnL and ΔnL and ΔnQ are the linear and quadratic contributions to the change in refractive index respectively, r is the linear electro-optic coefficient of the material and s is the quadratic electro-optic coefficient of the material incorporating a plurality of quantum dots and operating in a wavelength region where the value of rF is sufficiently greater than the value of sF2 so as to operate with the dominant effect on the refractive index Δn being contributed by the linear effect. In this way, a device with a wide bandwidth is achieved by appropriately separating the band-gap wavelength (λg) and the operating wavelengths (λ).
Owner:BOOKHAM TECH
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