205results about "Hydrogen isotopes" patented technology

Nitrogen-doped titania nanotubes exhibiting catalytic activity on exposure to any one or more of ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared radiation, or combinations thereof are disclosed. The nanotube arrays may be co-doped with one or more nonmetals and may further include co-catalyst nanoparticles. Also, methods are disclosed for use of nitrogen-doped titania nanotubes in catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide alone or in admixture with hydrogen-containing gases such as water vapor and/or other reactants as may be present or desirable into products such as hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-containing products, hydrogen and hydrogen-containing products, carbon monoxide and other carbon-containing products, or combinations thereof.

Photocatalytic water splitting is employed as a method to directly obtain clean hydrogen from solar radiation by using hybrid nanoparticles with metallic cores and semiconductor photocatalytic shells. Efficient unassisted overall photocatalytic splitting of water is based on resonant absorption from surface plasmon in metal core/semiconductor shell hybrid nanoparticles, which can extend the absorption spectra further towards the visible-near infrared range, thus dramatically increasing the solar energy conversion efficiency. When used in combination with scintillator nanoparticles, the hybrid photocatalytic nanoparticles can be used for conversion of nuclear energy into hydrogen.

Processes and systems for generating hydrogen gas from resonant cavities are disclosed. A preferred version includes separating a resonant cavity into two compartments with a dielectric type diaphragm, injecting gases such as ammonia into one compartment and generating electromagnetic energy from an antenna, microwave generator or waveguide into the other compartment so that a plasma discharge is formed in the cavity, and hydrogen gas can be selectively released from an outport of the cavity.

The invention provides a system for comprehensive utilization of three industrial wastes, mainly relating to the field of energy conservation and emission reduction, in particular to the comprehensive utilization of the three industrial wastes; to realize the objective of energy conservation and emission reduction required by the recycle economy, a system technology targeted at comprehensive utilization of the three industrial wastes of factories is adopted; in the invention, the reactor in the nuclear plant, the boiler in the coal-fired power plant and other types of supercritical boilers are utilized to provide a new cooling and turbine drive mode to solve the issue of industrial discharge of greenhouse gas and other polluting gases; in addition, collected emissions are utilized to produce nuclear fuel, compound chemical fertilizer or feedstuff and other chemical raw materials; moreover, to realize recycling of resources and sustainable utilization of energy, the original three wastes are innovatively applied to nuclear electric power generation. The system is characterized by comprising 10 major links and the beneficial effect thereof lies in utilizing new methods to realize energy conservation and emission reduction and production cost in the late stage of production can be reduced.

Methods and systems for separating hydrogen and sulfur from hydrogen sulfide(H₂S) gas. Hydrogen sulfide(H₂S) gas is passed into a scrubber and filtration unit with polysulfide solution. Interaction frees elemental sulfur which is filtered, excess continues to a stripper unit where the excess H₂S is removed. The excess H₂S returns to the scrubber and filtration unit, while the sulfide solution passes into a photoreactor containing a photocatalyst and a light source. The sulfide solution is oxidatively converted to elemental sulfur and complexed with excess sulfide ion to make polysulfide ion, while water is reduced to hydrogen. Hydrogen is released, while the polysulfide solution is fed back to the scrubber unit where the system operation repeats. In a second embodiment, the photocatalyst is eliminated, and the hydrogen sulfide solution is directly illuminated with ultraviolet radiation with a light source such as a low pressure mercury lamp operating at approximately 254 nm.

The present invention provides an anaerobic digestion process for the treatment of organic waste materials, which process comprises a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence of oxygen and wherein said process comprises digestion, in which said waste is fermented in tanks at an elevated temperature, and wherein said process results in the production of biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes, the comprises treating an organic waste with a composition comprising a fermentation supernatant containing active enzymes from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture; and a non-ionic surfactant, wherein said nonionic surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated nonylphenol and ethoxylated octyl phenol.

The invention relates generally to chemical reactions and processes, and in particular to a method for enhancing the rate of a chemical reaction and to apparatus for carrying out the method. The invention more particularly relates to methods and apparatus which utilize microwave and ultrasonic energy to enhance chemical reaction rates; and in specific instances, the invention relates to methods, processes and apparatus for the synthesis of biodiesel fuels. The methods, processes and apparatus of the invention are useful for the synthesis of biodiesel fuels; and also useful for production of reaction products of esterification and/or transesterification reactions including fatty acid alkyl esters.

A composite photocatalyst includes a semiconducting core and a nanoscale particle disposed on a surface of the semiconducting core, wherein the nanoscale particle is an electron carrier, and wherein the photocatalyst is sensitive to visible light irradiation.

A method of producing HCl from H₂ and Cl₂ is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises at least one photochemical chamber placed in fluid communication with at least one source of H₂ and at least one source of Cl₂. In some embodiments, the photochemical chamber effects the formation of HCl through the use of at least one source of ultraviolet radiation contained therein. In some embodiments, the HCl product may be captured and used as a gas. In some embodiments, the HCl product may be absorbed into water to form an aqueous HCl solution.

A combined catalyst and catalyst support comprising: a nanostructured solar selective support to which at least one catalyst is affixed; the catalyst comprising at least one material that activates chemical reactions that produce fuels; the nanostructured solar selective support comprising material that is highly absorbing over a portion of the solar spectrum and exhibits low emissivity toward thermal radiation and/or has a surface textured to lower emissivity; the combined catalyst and catalyst support exhibiting at least one of a photochemical effect and a photothermal effect; wherein these effects cause the chemical reaction rates to increase with exposure to an increasing number of incident photons within the solar spectrum.

The invention provides a low-temperature displacement chromatography hydrogen isotope separation device and a method. The invention makes the mixed gas of hydrogen isotope gas and helium after being cooled sequentially pass through a cooled main separation column and a cooled product gas collecting column which are filled with granulate palladium-loaded aluminum trioxide (Al2O3/Pd) to obtain the product gas rich in heavy isotope components of deuterium and tritium; a hot helium flow passes through and heats the main separation column so as to make the released gas sequentially pass through the cooled secondary separation column and the product gas collecting column which are filled with granulate palladium-loaded aluminum trioxide (Al2O3/Pd) to obtain the product gas rich in heavy isotopecomponents of deuterium and tritium; after the product gas is collected, middle rich gas flowing out from the secondary separation column is directly fed back into a raw material gas tank; and after the middle rich gas feedback process is accomplished, the main separation column and the secondary separation column are heated, and the gas released by heating is collected via a tail gas collecting column. The separation device has simple structure, reasonable separation process, and low cost for the construction and operation of the device. The invention has higher separation factor for hydrogen isotope separation.

A device for carrying out gas reactions, comprising a plasma reactor with a through-flow of gases which has a, particularly cylindrical, plasma chamber, wherein flow-forming elements for forming a flow of gases are arranged before and/or in and/or after the plasma reactor in order to form a gas stream within the plasma chamber such that at least one, particularly central, zone in the gas flow is formed which is flow-reduced. A method for carrying out gas reactions is also provided.

The present invention includes a nanostructure, a method of making thereof, and a method of photocatalysis. In one embodiment, the nanostructure includes a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase in contact with the crystalline phase. Each of the crystalline and amorphous phases has at least one dimension on a nanometer scale. In another embodiment, the nanostructure includes a nanoparticle comprising a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase. The amorphous phase is in a selected amount. In another embodiment, the nanostructure includes crystalline titanium dioxide and amorphous titanium dioxide in contact with the crystalline titanium dioxide. Each of the crystalline and amorphous titanium dioxide has at least one dimension on a nanometer scale.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses for separating tritium from radioactive waste materials and the water from nuclear reactors. Some embodiments involve the reaction of tritiated hydrogen gases with water in the presence of a catalyst in a catalytic exchange column, yielding a more concentrated and purified tritiated water product. Some embodiments involve the use of a permeation module, similar in some respects to a gas chromatography column, in which a palladium permeation layer is used to separate tritiated hydrogen gas from a mixture of gases.

A system and method for tritium separation systems using a mixed bed catalytic exchange process in a Liquid Phase Catalytic Exchange/Closed Loop Continuous Process (LPCE/CLCP) system, that operates as a low temperature and low pressure continuous balanced process, designed to rapidly, economically and safely extract and isolate isotope specific products without generating unwanted products in the form of new waste streams.

Transparent monolithic aerogels based on silica, the bioderived polymer chitosan, and coordinated ions are employed to serve as a three-dimensional scaffold decorated with metal ions such as Au, Pt and Pd ions. It has also been found that the metal aerogels, such as Au(III) aerogels, can be imaged photolytically to produce nanoparticles.

The present invention relates to an aryloxypropanamine containing one or more deuterium or ¹³C in place of a hydrogen or carbon, respectively. These isotopic aryloxypropanamines of the invention are inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake and possess unique biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties compared to the responding light atom isotopologues. The invention further provides compositions comprising these isotopic aryloxypropanamines and methods of treating diseases and conditions linked to reduced neurotransmission of norepinephrine and/or serotonin. It further provides methods for using these isotopic aryloxypropanamines to accurately determine the concentration of the light atom isotopologues in biological fluids and of studying the metabolism of the light atom isotopologues.

A hydrogen fuel manufacturing system capable of efficiently producing each hydrogen fuel in accordance with a demanded quantity is disclosed. The system includes a hydrogen manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen, more than two hydrogen fuel manufacturing apparatuses for manufacturing hydrogen fuels by letting the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen manufacturing apparatus change into a fuel-use form, wherein the fuel form to be manufactured by the hydrogen fuel manufacturing apparatuses is set to have more than two kinds. Additionally the system has a hydrogen fuel production volume receiver device for receipt of the information as to a hydrogen fuel production volume, thereby controlling the production volume of the hydrogen fuel being manufactured by the hydrogen fuel manufacturing apparatus, based on the hydrogen fuel production volume information as received by the hydrogen fuel production volume receiver device.

The invention provides a device and method for quickly recovering deuterium and tritium in fusion reactor discharged ash gases. The device is divided into a main path and a branch path according to effects and necessities of various units in treatment processes. The main path only comprises a cryogenic pump and a Pd alloy film separating unit, and 96% or more deuterium and tritium fuels in the discharged ash gases can be recovered by virtue of the two units. The method for quickly recovering deuterium and tritium in the fusion reactor discharged ash gases is short in treatment time, and better meets requirements for quick recovery of the deuterium and tritium fuels; and meanwhile, the recovery process is simplified, which is conducive to reduction of the retention volume of tritium in a system, thereby avoiding impurity gases from causing adverse effects on a Pd alloy film separator. Moreover, a small amount of deuterium and tritium not recovered by the main path are recovered by the branch path, thereby ensuring relatively high recovery efficiency. The device and method for quickly recovering deuterium and tritium in the fusion reactor discharged ash gases have the advantages of short treatment cycle, simple process, high recovery rate, good system stability, long service life and the like, and can meet design requirements of existing fusion reactors.

A method for the ultra-fast photodissociation of water molecules into H₂ and O₂ gases is presented. Water vapor is initially produced and supplied to a photolysis bottle. Within the photolysis bottle, the water vapor is illuminated by a light signal to dissociate H₂ and O₂ gases from the water vapor. The dissociated H₂ and O₂ gases are radiated with an RF signal to inhibit recombination of the dissociated H₂ and O₂ gases, and the dissociated H₂ and O₂ gases are subsequently recovered.

A source of hydrogen is a glass or glass-ceramic shell and a gas comprising at least 80% by volume of hydrogen. The glass shell has an initial permeability to hydrogen gas of less than about 50% decrease in pressure in 30 days and a final permeability to hydrogen of about 50% decrease in pressure in a few minutes or less, upon exposure of the glass to a continuous or pulsed fluence of at least 0.1 W/cm² of electromagnetic radiation to modulate the microstructure of the glass and to increase the hydrogen gas permeability of the glass network. A method of providing hydrogen gas in the shell and exposing the shell to electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength and fluence that increases permeability of the shell to hydrogen gas so that encapsulated hydrogen gas permeates through the shell.