The invention relates to a silicon wafer thinning device, in particular to a rapid silicon wafer thinning device for a solar cell production technology, and aims to provide a rapid silicon wafer thinning device which is used for the solar cell production technology and is high in thinning speed, simple to operate and uniform in thinning thickness. The rapid silicon wafer thinning device comprises a bottom plate, a bearing block, a sliding block, a sliding rail, a left frame, a swing rod, a lifting rod, a guiding sleeve, a mounting seat, a motor, springs, a moving frame, a cam, a top plate, an L-shaped connecting rod, an arc-shaped net plate, a processing frame, an electric control valve, a liquid outlet pipe, a rack, a gear and a rotating shaft, wherein the left frame, the sliding rail and the bearing block are arranged at the top of the bottom plate sequentially from left to right; the sliding block is glidingly connected onto the sliding rail; and the rack is arranged on the sliding block. The device has the effects of being high in thinning speed, simple to operate and uniform in thinning thickness.