The invention aims at solving the problems that a phosphating film formed by an existing environment-friendly rust removal phosphating agent is loose and is not uniform, provides an environment-friendly rust removal phosphating agent and a preparing and using method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of dust removal and antisepsis. The environment-friendly rust removal phosphating agent comprises chemical components including, by mass percent, 35% to 55% of phosphoric acid, 3% to 10% of dihydric phosphate, 1% to 10% of nitrate, 0.2% to 2% of a compound corrosion inhibitor, 0.5% to 3% of a surface active agent and the balance water, wherein the total amount of the components is 100%. The phosphating agent is friendly to environment, the rust removal phosphating is thorough, the phosphating film has porosity and uniformity, the attaching force of a coating and a bottom material is enhanced, the corrosion resistance to the steel is improved, and the agent is suitable for being applied to steel surface dust removal phosphating.