The invention relates to a green, sustainable and high-yield planting method of sugarcane. The method comprises seven steps as follow: selection of healthy and high-quality sugarcane seeds, digging of sugarcane furrows, scientific fertilizer application, seed sowing and soil covering, mulching and soil covering, harvesting of sugarcane and management of perennial roots. Scientific planting and harvesting are strengthened in two key periods including sugarcane planting and harvesting. In the period of sugarcane planting, the consumption of fertilizers is reduced, special slow-release fertilizers for sugarcane and bio-organic fertilizers are applied, mulching films capable of being completely biodegraded are used for complete covering, and accordingly, growth of the sugarcane is promoted; in the period of sugarcane harvesting, a traditional cutting method is changed, cutting at depth of soil is adopted, fertilizers required by the perennial roots of the sugarcane are directly applied to the sugarcane furrows, soil dressing and complete film covering are performed, and management of the perennial roots of the sugarcane can be finished. Green production of the sugarcane is realized, the yield and the sucrose content are increased, the consumption of the fertilizers is reduced, the soil fertility is improved, the utilization rate is increased, the ecological environment of a sugarcane field is improved, growth of the sugarcane and increase of income of sugarcane growers are promoted, and popularization and application are facilitated.