The invention relates to lightly calcined dolomite thermal insulation mortar, which comprises the following components in part by weight: 20 to 60 parts of lightly calcined dolomite, 1 to 60 parts of flyash, 5 to 35 parts of retarding agent, 1 to 40 parts of strengthening and thickening agent, 1 to 20 parts of kieselguhr, 5 to 35 parts of expanded aggregate, 0.5 to 5 parts of polystyrene foam particle, 0.01 to 0.2 part of polypropylene fiber, 0.5 to 8 parts of water resistance additive, and 0.05 to 2 parts of water reducer. The thermal insulation mortar has the advantages of excellent thermal insulation property, good compression strength, freezing resistance and water resistance, good volume stability, low production cost, energy conservation, environmental friendliness and the like. The construction process is simple; and after construction, the lightly calcined dolomite thermal insulation mortar is not hollowed or cracked, and is particularly suitable for a thermal insulation material for building walls.