49results about How to "Realize human control" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for preparing a gold hierarchical structure material. In the method, the nano / micron gold hierarchical structure material is prepared by reducing chloroauric acid at normal temperature, wherein a 'dendritic' surfactant C18N3 serves as a template and protective agent; and ascorbic acid serves as a reducing agent. Bubbles formed by the surfactant C18N3 serve as the template; and a C18N3 protected stable gold nano hierarchical structure is obtained through reduction by using the ascorbic acid. Compared with the conventional method, the method is simple and low incost; and the hierarchical structure prepared by the method has high monodispersity, controllable appearance and the like. The nano / micron gold hierarchical structures with different appearances can be obtained by simply adjusting the amount of the surfactant, the chloroauric acid and the ascorbic acid, and comprise three-dimensional gold nanostructures such as a gold nanocrystal with a pluralityof protrusions on the surface, nearly spherical hollow nanoparticles, a meatball-shaped structure, a spherical structure with rodlike protrusions on the surface, a nano / micron spherical structure with sheet-like surface and the like.

The invention belongs to the technical field of artificial simulation sample preparation testing of geotechnical engineering seabed gas contained deposition, and particularly discloses a high-pressure gas dissolved saturation test device and an application thereof in gas contained soil sample artificial preparation. The device provided by the invention comprises a gas source tank, a reaction kettle, a lifting device, a geotechnique triaxial testing system, a connecting pipeline, a valve and a pressure meter. The artificial simulation preparation of a laboratory gas contained soil sample can be realized without pressure condition restriction by the device; the device is especially suitable for the sample preparation of a high-saturability gas contained deposition soil body in indoor triaxial testing; the gas contained quantity can be controlled artificially and can be quantified accurately; the prepared soil sample is uniform and has preparation repeatability.

The invention provides an infusion control system with a physiological information feedback function. The infusion control system comprises an upper computer, a coordinator, a first wireless communication module, a second wireless communication module, an infusion terminal and a heart rate sensor, wherein the upper computer and the first wireless communication module are both connected with the coordinator, the first wireless communication module and the second wireless communication module are communicated through a wireless network, the second wireless communication module is mounted on the infusion terminal, and the heart rate sensor is connected with the infusion terminal. According to the infusion control system with the physiological information feedback function, the function that the dripping speed is automatically adjusted through triggering of feedback heart rate signals, the sensor and a stepping motor, two layers of intervention measures executed by the infusion terminal and the upper computer are set, high flexible adaptability and promptness are achieved, and the working efficiency of medical staff is greatly improved while infusion safety is ensured.

The present invention relates to domestic garbage ecological landfill unit in pre-production test level superior to available lab scale level. The domestic garbage ecological landfill unit includes a bin type garbage landfill body, an antiseepage system, a back filling system, and a gas guiding, exhausting and testing system. The garbage landfill body is provided with temperature detector, water level observing well, and percolated liquid guiding and draining pipe connected to the percolated liquid collecting tank. The present invention can monitor and regulate the material flow and energy change of the landfill body, and is significant on the classified collection of domestic garbage and comprehensive ecological environment effect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of waste battery treatment, and particularly discloses a waste lithium ion battery recovery method. A to-be-recovered raw material containing a waste positive electrode active material and an auxiliary agent are roasted at 500-800 DEG C, and then water extraction treatment is performed; and the auxiliary agent is at least one of NaHSO4, KHSO4, CoSO4, NiSO4, MnSO4, NH4HSO4 and (NH4)2SO4. The method overcomes the disadvantages of a traditional recovery method, is simple, practical and economically feasible, realizes comprehensive utilization of wastelithium ion batteries, and is suitable for industrial production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of carbon material chemistry. The invention discloses a superfine M-N-C non-noble metal carbon-based oxygen reduction catalyst, and a preparation method and application thereof. Transition metal basic acetate, N-heterocyclic or carboxylic acid organic ligands are adopted as reactants, a certain amount of solvent and regulator are added, reaction is performed at a certain temperature to obtain a superfine metal-organic framework material, and the superfine non-noble metal carbon-based catalyst is obtained through a one-step carbonization process. Thesuperfine non-noble metal carbon-based catalyst is used as a catalyst for hydrogen fuel cathode oxygen reduction reaction, excellent catalytic activity is obtained, and the activity of the catalyst is superior to that of a commercial platinum-carbon catalyst; and in addition, the stability and methanol poisoning resistance of the catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction are superior to those ofan existing platinum-carbon catalyst. The superfine non-noble metal carbon-based catalyst can be applied to the fields of hydrogen fuel cells, metal-air batteries and the like.

The invention discloses a drainage method for an orchard by raising high ridges, which relates to the technical field of fruit farming. The technical scheme of the invention comprises the following steps: raising high ridges in the orchard, fix planting fruit trees on the ridges, digging drainage ditches between the lines of fruit trees by a certain gradient (slope) slightly according to the terrain and water flow direction, and laying trickle irrigation in the lines of fruit trees. The method of the invention adopts raising of high ridges and setting up of drainage ditches between the lines of fruit trees and the other measures to realize the effective drainage in rainy season for the orchard, and avoids the unbalance of water supply for fruit trees caused by permeation of untimely rainfall into orchard soil in rainy season; and trickle irrigation devices are laid in the lines of fruit trees to perform irrigation at the critical period of water requirements of fruit trees, so as to realize manual control of water supply for the orchard. According to above measures, the manual control of water supply for the orchard can be realized, the content of soluble solids of fruits is increased remarkably and the fruit quality is improved.

The invention relates to a method for preparing gold crystals from nanometer to micrometer by adopting surface active agent molecule C18N3 as reducing agent and protecting agent. The surface active agent molecule C18N3 is not only adopted as the reducing agent to reduce chloroauric acid and obtain crystal nucleus, but also used as a sort of good protecting agent to facilitate the shape control and the growth of the metal crystals. Compared with the conventional method, the surface active agent molecule C18N3 is adopted in hydrothermal method applied in the invention to prepare the metal crystals, the prepared metal crystals have better shape controllability. By simply adjusting the molar ratio between the surface active agent molecule C18N3 and the chloroauric acid as well as the concentration of chloride in the solution, the metal crystals with different shapes can be prepared, including sphere, decahedron, plane triangle, plane pentagon and plane hexagon and two-dimension sheet shape.

The invention belongs to the technical field of luminescent materials, and relates to a metal organic complex as well as a preparation method and application thereof, in particular to a metal organic complex as shown in a formula I as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The complex disclosed by the invention can be used for realizing artificial regulation and control on luminescence, and realizing ligand-induced intermolecular L' LCT room-temperature phosphorescence, metal d orbit-participated MLCT room-temperature phosphorescence and intramolecular charge transfer-induced delayed fluorescence. The metal complex disclosed by the invention can emit thermally activated delayed fluorescence, and full-wave-band luminescence regulation and control in a visible light region are realized. When the metal complex provided by the invention is used for preparing an OLED device, very high electroluminescence efficiency can be realized.

The invention provides an up-lock reliability test device capable of realizing lock ring horizontal position adjustment, belongs to the technical field of aviation equipment up-lock reliability test, and aims at solving the problems that the present aircraft up-lock test device has low integral rigidity and cannot realize manual adjustment of the lock ring horizontal position. The up-lock is a test piece and is installed on a supporting rack. A lock ring module, a crank module and a loading driving module are arranged below the up-lock and fixed on the surface of a vibration table through a support respectively. The lock ring module is used for simulating upward and downward movement of the lock ring under the real situation and can realize adjustment of the lock ring horizontal position. The loading driving module is used for driving the lock ring to upward and downward move and loading working load on the up-lock through the lock ring module. The crank module is arranged between the lock ring module and the loading driving module and used for transmitting the movement and the load of the loading driving module to the lock ring module. The up-lock reliability test device is used for reliability testing of the up-lock.

The invention discloses a computer system for realizing display of a panoramic image player, and belongs to the field of panoramic image application, and aims to realize panoramic image one-screen multi-window automatic display by taking panoramic images as playing resources and organizing and directionally playing more than two panoramic images in sequence according to a playing group. The methodspecifically comprises the steps of 1, setting a playing window; 2, setting a playing structure and variables; 3, reading playing data; 4, loading a playing record; 5, displaying a panoramic image window; 6, carrying out cyclic control; 7, carrying out operation control; and 8, carrying out playing control.

The invention relates to a method for cultivating eriocheir sinensis in a small pool. The method comprises 14 main steps. The small pool made of bricks and concrete or glass fiber reinforced plastic is adopted, and the normal growth environment of the eriocheir sinensis is simulated by taking measures of paving shelters at the bottom of the pool, transplanting aquatic plants and putting spiral shells; the water temperature of the pool in a high-temperature period is reduced by erecting a sunshade net; blue-green algae generation can be effectively avoided by utilizing the water purification function of silver carps, the aquatic plants and the spiral shells; and the high water quality condition of the small pool and the stable aquatic ecological environment are guaranteed by cleaning the bottom of the pool at a fixed period, using a discontinuous micro-running water mode, applying EM bacteria at a fixed period and increasing oxygen timely, and artificial control on the eriocheir sinensis cultivation environment is basically realized.

The invention discloses a math teaching aid quick cleaning device for facilitating teaching in order to solve the problem that it is not convenient for an existing device to quickly clean math teaching aids with little effort. The math teaching aid quick cleaning device for facilitating teaching comprises a fixing frame, a first sliding rod, a second sliding rod, a screw rod, a fixing plate, a cleaning layer, a first connecting block, connecting rods, positioning plates, water tanks, arc strips and connecting pipes, wherein rotary shafts are installed between the water tank and the positioningplates, chains are installed between the rotary shafts, and the outer side of the rotary shaft at the right end of each positioning plate is fixedly connected with a motor. By arranging the motors, the water tanks are driven to rotate when the motors run, the surface of a math teaching aid is frictionally wetted while the water tanks rotate, and the math teaching aid slides into the fixing frame,so that more labor is saved; and through cooperation of third spiral springs and the connecting pipes, the uneven position of the math teaching aid can be better cleaned, and more convenience is provided.

The invention provides a double-tube jet flow uniform steam injection technology for a horizontal well and an assorted tool. The assorted tool comprises a tubular column and a tubing nipple, and is characterized in that the tubular column is positioned at the lower end of a steam injection packer and is divided into a variable-density steam injection jet flow tube and a steam injection flushing tube; the variable-density steam injection jet flow tube and the steam injection flushing tube are connected with each other through a steam injection distributor; the variable-density steam injection jet flow tube is provided with a steam injection nozzle; a high-temperature rubber cup packer is arranged on the periphery of the variable-density steam injection jet flow tube; a high-temperature centering device is arranged between the variable-density steam injection jet flow tube and the steam injection flushing tube; and a screwed plug is arranged at the position of a port of the variable-density steam injection jet flow tube. The double-tube jet flow uniform steam injection technology replaces the original horizontal well steam injection technology, the assorted tool replaces the original tool, a range, which is 30-50 meters, of a group of steam injection points can be changed into a range, which is 15-50 centimeters, of the group of steam injection points, and the steam injection uniformity is increased by 50%, the steam using rate is increased by almost 30%, rising of edge and bottom water can be slowed down, and the recovery efficiency of an oil reservoir is improved.

The invention discloses an experimental device and method for measuring CO2 pipeline decompression wave propagation velocity. The experimental device comprises an experimental loop, wherein an inlet of the experimental loop is connected with a CO2 injection system, an outlet of the experimental loop is connected with a double-rupture-disk control device, a data acquisition system is installed on the experimental loop, and the CO2 fluid pressure and the temperature variation process along with the time in a pipeline are acquired by virtue of the data acquisition system under the instantaneous decompression working condition of the experimental loop. By adopting the experimental device and method, the decompression wave propagation velocity can be safely and accurately measured. The manual control on the CO2 pipeline decompression process can be realized, and the CO2 pipeline decompression wave at different states such as a supercritical state, a liquid state, a gas state and the like can be measured. By adopting the experimental device and method, the detection on the CO2 pipeline leakage and the safety control to the pipeline crack advance are facilitated.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing a high-selectivity core-shell structure CoxFe3-xO4@MoS2 nano-composite. The method includes the steps of controllably synthesizing CoxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles at different Co:Fe atom ratios through a hydrothermal method by adjusting the molar ratio of a Co source to a Fe source to be 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5, and collecting a large number of black samples through hydrothermal reaction for 10 hours at 180 DEG C through simple washing and drying with the synthesized CoxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles as the early-stage object, ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate as the molybdenum source and thiourea as the sulfur source. It is shown through research results that the type of samples have high dielectric loss and magnetic loss compensation and the nano-composite presents more excellent microwave-absorbing performance compared with currently-reported nano-composites of the same type.

A drive-by-wire steering wheel control system of an automatic driving vehicle comprises a steering wheel assembly and a steering wheel controller arranged on the automatic driving vehicle, and the steering wheel assembly comprises a steering wheel, an accelerator brake pedal device and a gear rocker device; the steering wheel controller comprises a power module, a CAN receiving and transmitting module, a control module and a USB communication module, a set of complete manual intervention control system can be provided at the initial stage of vehicle research and development, when an automatic driving system breaks down, and when related manual debugging is needed, debugging under the high-speed condition can be met, the steering stroke of the steering wheel is long, and the steering efficiency is high. According to the method, the steering of the vehicle can be accurately controlled, manual control can be safely achieved, the requirement for temporary vehicle control can be met, plug-and-play is achieved, the purpose of safety control can be achieved during high-speed driving, and the safety of the automatic driving vehicle is further improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of the material chemistry and particularly relates to a preparation method of a nano silver phosphate catalyst driven by visible light. According to the invention, the nano silver phosphate photocatalyst which can stably exist is prepared by a method of irradiating by different light sources and carrying out micro-injection of a reactant; and the problem that a product can be decomposed when the preparation is carried out under the condition of the visible light is avoided. Silver phosphate particles prepared by the method are of a sphere cluster structure, have the monomer diameter of 20 to 60nm and have the integral diameter of 60 to 300nm. The specification of the nano silver phosphate catalyst is far less than that of common micron silver phosphate in the market. Due to the small-size effect and the sphere cluster structure, not only is the catalytic effect of the nano photocatalyst obviously improved than that of a micron catalyst, but also the using amount of the catalyst is greatly reduced and the using cost is effectively reduced. Moreover, by changing the type of a surfactant and the light source of irradiating light in the preparation process, the controllable synthesis is implemented on nano silver phosphate with different morphologies.

The invention provides an intelligent illumination system with an alarm function for a solar LED (Light Emitting Diode) street lamp. The intelligent illumination system with the alarm function solvesthe problems that a traditional solar LED street lamp is unreasonable in illumination time, cannot clearly illuminate the road surface and is difficult to maintain. According to the technical scheme of the intelligent illumination system with the alarm function, a data acquisition module is connected to a main control module; a light control module is connected to the main control module; a remotecontrol module is connected to the main control module which is connected to a communication module; the communication module is connected to an intelligent terminal; and the main control module is connected to an over-charge and over-discharge control module. A photoresistor is used for sensing the brightness of the external environment, so that the intelligent illumination system realizes theturnon and turnoff of the LED street lamp, ensures the illumination of the road surface and saves the electric energy; the remote control module realizes the artificial control of the LED street lamp;the maintenance personnel can find the faulted LED street lamp according to the illumination condition of the LED street lamp displayed on the intelligent terminal, so that the maintenance is convenient, and the labor cost is saved; and solar energy is used for supplying electricity, so that energy sources are saved. The intelligent illumination system with the alarm function for the solar LED street lamp has a stable performance, high real-time performance and good application prospect and is energy-saving and environmentally-friendly.

The invention provides an aquatic seedling cultivation greenhouse system which comprises a ground-source heat pump system, a greenhouse floor heating system and a monitoring and processing system. The greenhouse floor heating system and the monitoring and processing system are respectively connected with the ground-source heat pump system. The data parameters of cultivation pond water are intelligently monitored and controlled through the ground-source heat pump system and a processor, aquatic seedlings are in suitable environment, and diseases are reduced. Aquatic pairing and incubation water temperature can be manually simulated, three to four times of seedling growing can be achieved per year, the seedling growing yield is improved, and benefits are improved. A fan set is arranged, the temperature of a greenhouse can be reduced and made to be constant fast in extremely hot weather, and the situation that a large number of aquatic products die due to the fact that the temperature in a cultivation pond rises abruptly at abnormal high temperature is avoided.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an ice-induced microstructure soft tissue, and belongs to the field of biological tissue engineering. The method comprises the steps of firstly, designing a model with a soft tissue channel mesh microstructure; preparing a resin die with the channel microstructure by a material increase manufacturing technology; pouring pure water into the resin die and stripping after freezing, so as to obtain an ice-induced die with the channel microstructure; finally pouring PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel with tissue living cells, growth factors and the like configured in advance into an ice-induced die system at low temperature; putting in an environment at 5-10 DEG C after stably molding until the ice-induced channel is slowly and completely molten, and finally obtaining the soft tissue with the channel microstructure. The situation that the channel structure does not deform because of external effects before being molded is ensured by the method; pollution to an original body tissue caused by high-temperature treatment is avoided; and the preparation process is simple and easy to operate, low in preparation method and wide in applicability.

The invention discloses a method for promoting photosynthetic efficiency of facility horticultural crops by using a zeolite molecular sieve the zeolite molecular sieve is a Silicalite-1 molecular sieve. The method for promoting the photosynthetic efficiency of the facility horticultural crops by using the zeolite molecular sieve comprises the following steps of (1) pretreating the Silicalite-1 molecular sieve so that the Silicalite-1 molecular sieve fully adsorbs CO2; and (2) transferring the pretreated Silicalite-1 molecular sieve to a facility cultivation environment in which the CO2 concentration is less than or equal to 480ppm, and standing the Silicalite-1 molecular sieve to slowly release the CO2. The Silicalite-1 molecular sieve is an MFI type all-silicon molecular sieve, is internally provided with a pore channel and a cavity, and can be used for adsorbing and desorbing the CO2, the technical scheme can realize adsorption and desorption of the CO2 by the Silicalite-1 molecular sieve at normal temperature and normal pressure, improves photosynthesis of the facility horticultural crops under the condition of low energy consumption, further promotes growth of the facility horticultural crops, and has the characteristics that operation is simple, convenient and safe, and environment is friendly.

The invention relates to a dual-fuel automatic switching mechanism. The dual-fuel automatic switching mechanism comprises a carburetor assembly, an oil-gas switching assembly, a fuel gas pressure reducing valve and a connection pipe. A first connector, a gas inlet connector and a second connector are arranged on the fuel gas pressure reducing valve. One end of the oil-gas switching assembly is connected with the side face of the carburetor assembly, and the other end of the oil-gas switching assembly is connected with the first connector of the fuel gas pressure reducing valve. One end of theconnection pipe is connected with the second connector of the fuel gas pressure reducing valve, and the other end of the connection pipe is connected with a fuel gas inlet pipe of a carburetor. An oilhole is formed in the carburetor assembly. When fuel oil supply is switched to fuel gas supply, the oil-gas switching assembly blocks the oil hole from the side face of the carburetor assembly. Whenfuel gas supply is switched to fuel oil supply, the oil-gas switching assembly opens the oil hole from the side face of the carburetor assembly. The oil-gas switching assembly can tightly block the oil hole, instantaneous switching can be achieved, and safety is good.

The invention discloses a saline land soil layered sampling device. The saline land soil layered sampling device is composed of a rectangular knife, a soil blocking ruler plate, and a rectangular knife handle. The saline land soil layered sampling device is simple in structure, is convenient to use, is accurate in sampling, and is convenient to carry. The saline land soil layered sampling device is capable of realizing saline land soil layered sampling, the collected soil samples are capable of reflecting real soil layer situations; single time sampling is carried out, saline land soil layeredinterval and sampling amount can be determined by the distances among internal knives in the rectangular knife, article control of saline land soil research precision and labor intensity can be realized, and convenience is provided for research.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a macromolecule hollow porous fiber membrane by using a chemical reaction inductive phase conversion method, and belongs to the field of membrane preparation. The method for preparing the macromolecule hollow porous fiber membrane by using the chemical reaction inductive phase conversion method comprises the following steps of: preparing a homogeneous membrane casting liquid; extruding the membrane casting liquid and a core liquid from a spinning nozzle, and forming a membrane in outer gel bath; and carrying out chemical post treatment on the prepared membrane, so as to obtain the hollow porous fiber membrane which is uniform in pore diameter, high in membrane flux and high in pollution resistance. The method for preparing the macromolecule hollow porous fiber membrane by using the chemical reaction inductive phase conversion method, provided by the invention, is characterized in that pores are formed by chemical reaction induction through changing the composition of the core liquid and the outer gel bath or types of chemical reaction porogens and utilizing the reaction among the core liquid, the outer gel bath and the chemical porogens, and therefore, the macromolecule hollow porous fiber membrane which is uniform in pore diameter distribution, good in pollution resistance, and high in flux.

The invention relates to a method for preparing gold crystals from nanometer to micrometer by adopting surface active agent molecule C18N3 as reducing agent and protecting agent. The surface active agent molecule C18N3 is not only adopted as the reducing agent to reduce chloroauric acid and obtain crystal nucleus, but also used as a sort of good protecting agent to facilitate the shape control and the growth of the metal crystals. Compared with the conventional method, the surface active agent molecule C18N3 is adopted in hydrothermal method applied in the invention to prepare the metal crystals, the prepared metal crystals have better shape controllability. By simply adjusting the molar ratio between the surface active agent molecule C18N3 and the chloroauric acid as well as the concentration of chloride in the solution, the metal crystals with different shapes can be prepared, including sphere, decahedron, plane triangle, plane pentagon and plane hexagon and two-dimension sheet shape.

The invention provides a novel car horn. The problem that a device in the prior art is not convenient for controlling the intensity of the transmission sound of a bitone horn in different scenes is solved. The novel car horn comprises the bitone horn, a connecting cylinder, a connecting pipe, a first air bag, a fixing pipe, a ball, a coil spring and a conducting wire. A positioning pipe is fixedlyarranged on the outer end of the fixing pipe. A fixed ring is fixedly arranged on the outer side of the positioning pipe. A second air bag corresponding to the bitone horn is fixedly arranged insidethe fixed ring. According to the invention, the second air bag is arranged to cover the bitone horn; the bitone horn is prevented from chanting too loudly and disturbing residents when a car drives around a residential area or school at night; the first air bag is arranged to blow the second air bag, and the second air bag is expanded; the cover range of the bitone horn is manually controlled; thesound transmission intensity of the bitone horn is adjusted; and the usability of the device is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of organic and inorganic composite materials, and particularly relates to a metal oxide modified battery diaphragm with a self-assembled three-dimensional structure as well as a preparation method and application of the metal oxide modified battery diaphragm. The method comprises the steps of 1) preparing a metal organic framework precursor; (2) preparing a local three-dimensional cross-linked metal oxide; and 3) preparing the modified diaphragm, specifically, mixing and grinding the local three-dimensional cross-linked metal oxide prepared in the step 2), an adhesive and a solvent, uniformly coating one side of a PP / PE / PP diaphragm, and drying to obtain the metal oxide modified battery diaphragm with a self-assembled three-dimensional structure. Through the limited structure of the metal oxide, the metal oxide is compounded with the PP / PE / PP diaphragm to be applied to a lithium-sulfur battery, so that polysulfide can be effectively anchored, the transmission efficiency of lithium ions can be ensured, and the cycling stability of the lithium-sulfur battery is remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a gold hierarchical structure material. In the method, the nano / micron gold hierarchical structure material is prepared by reducing chloroauric acid at normal temperature, wherein a 'dendritic' surfactant C18N3 serves as a template and protective agent; and ascorbic acid serves as a reducing agent. Bubbles formed by the surfactant C18N3 serve as the template; and a C18N3 protected stable gold nano hierarchical structure is obtained through reduction by using the ascorbic acid. Compared with the conventional method, the method is simple and low incost; and the hierarchical structure prepared by the method has high monodispersity, controllable appearance and the like. The nano / micron gold hierarchical structures with different appearances can be obtained by simply adjusting the amount of the surfactant, the chloroauric acid and the ascorbic acid, and comprise three-dimensional gold nanostructures such as a gold nanocrystal with a pluralityof protrusions on the surface, nearly spherical hollow nanoparticles, a meatball-shaped structure, a spherical structure with rodlike protrusions on the surface, a nano / micron spherical structure with sheet-like surface and the like.