The invention discloses a mine cooling and heat damage utilization system. The system includes a downhole heat damage cooling and heat collection subsystem and an above-well heat damage utilization and heat supply subsystem. The downhole heat damage cooling and heat collection subsystem includes two-phase closed thermosiphon heat collecting and cooling equipment (2), a cold water heat absorbing pipeline (3), a hot water thermal-insulation pipeline (4) and a water inlet pipeline (15). The above-well heat damage utilization and heat supply subsystem includes a heat exchanger (11), a water-sourceheat pump (12), a mine drainage system (13), a heat source utilization module (14), and a water discharge pipeline (16). The system in simple in structure and practical, can well adapt to complex above-well environments and downhole environments of a mine, heat in surrounding rock of a roadway is extracted, thermal damage of surrounding rock is treated, and the environmental temperature in the roadway is effectively reduced; meanwhile heat energy of surrounding rock of the roadway is well utilized, the extracted heat energy is used for heat supplying of builds, water for bathing employees, freeze protection of wellheads and the like in the mine, above-well heat supply and energy consumption are reduced, and the system has huge economic and environment protection value.