The invention relates to a neutral environmentally-friendly water-based fire extinguishing agent and a preparation method thereof. The neutral environmentally-friendly water-based fire extinguishing agent comprises water, a first fire extinguishing component, a second fire extinguishing component, citric acid and a water-soluble surfactant component, wherein the first fire extinguishing component comprises two or more of such inorganic compounds as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, potassium carbonate and ammonium monohydric phosphate; the second fire extinguishing component comprises one or more of potassium sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, organic acid and potassium acetate; and the water-soluble surfactant component comprises two or more of sodium lauryl sulfate, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, perfluorooctane surfapropyl betaine, sodium octyl sulfate and sodium decyl sulfate. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding water into a stirring machine, and sequentially adding all the components while stirring, so as to obtain a product finally. The finally prepared neutral environmentally-friendly water-based fire extinguishing agent can be applied to A-class, B-class and F-class fire disasters, and has the advantages that the corrosion problem can be solved without adding an antirust agent; the low-temperature (minus 25 DEG C) problem can be solved without adding an anti-freezing agent; and the environmentally-friendly effect can be achieved.