51 results about "Three dimensional electrode" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of electroencephalogram signal processing, and provides a time-frequency space electroencephalogram emotion recognition method based on three-dimensional space position embedding, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, constructing a three-dimensional electrode space position matrix based on an international 10-20 system standard, determining a space adjacency relation between electrodes, and calculating a phase locking value to obtain a functional connection matrix; then, deep feature fusion of an electrode spatial position matrix and a functional connection matrix is realized by adopting a hierarchical cross Transform architecture, the spatial position matrix represents spatial distribution features of a cerebral cortex region, and the functional connection matrix quantifies phase synchronization features of cross-brain region neural oscillation and simulates a brain spatial topological structure; and finally, extracting time, frequency and spatial features of the electroencephalogram signals through combination of a graph attention network and bidirectional long-short-term memory with an attention mechanism for emotion recognition. The method can effectively extract space structure information highly related to the emotional state, and significantly improves the accuracy of emotion recognition.

The invention discloses a resourceful treatment process for phenol-ammonia wastewater. The process comprises the following steps: pretreating to remove oil, acid and ammonia, and recovering ammonia water; preparing a silicon-based supported phenol oxidase catalyst; carrying out enzyme catalysis polycondensation on the pretreated wastewater to generate polyphenols; residual phenol is deeply removed through electrochemical feeding of the three-dimensional electrode; after polyphenol substances are separated, supernate is subjected to biochemical treatment and is discharged after reaching the standard; and finally, carrying out dehydration, granulation, segmented pyrolysis graphitization and post-treatment on the collected polyphenol sludge to prepare the carbon negative electrode material. According to the method, deep purification of the phenol-ammonia wastewater and collaborative recycling of pollutants are achieved, toxic phenols are converted into carbon material precursors with high additional value, the recycled ammonia water can be used for desulfurization and denitrification of a boiler, and the method has the advantages of being thorough in treatment, high in resource recovery rate, low in cost and remarkable in environmental benefit.

The invention discloses a CSTR-based three-dimensional electrode MEC-fluidized bed reactor for anaerobic fermentation of cow dung and application, and belongs to the technical field of microbial electrochemistry. The reactor comprises a reactor main body, a feed port, a discharge port, a gas outlet and a stirring device, an anode and a cathode are arranged in the reactor main body, a conductive three-dimensional particle electrode filler is filled between the anode and the cathode to form a three-dimensional electrode system, and the anode and the cathode are connected with an external power supply. The three-dimensional electrode system is constructed, so that the reaction specific surface area and the electron transfer efficiency are greatly increased, the stimulation effect of a low-voltage electric field is amplified to the whole reaction space, and the technical bottlenecks of low mass transfer efficiency, low methane yield, easiness in system instability and the like in the traditional cow dung anaerobic digestion are solved. Compared with the traditional anaerobic digestion and two-dimensional microbial electrolysis cell, the two-dimensional microbial electrolysis cell disclosed by the invention can obviously improve the methane yield and the system operation stability, and has an excellent engineering application prospect.

The invention relates to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and discloses preparation and application of a MnFeOx / CSA three-dimensional particle electrode for antibiotic wastewater treatment.The preparation method comprises the steps that a metal organic framework (Mn-MOF) and sodium alginate are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1.0: 3.2 to prepare homogeneous gel; dropwise adding the gel into a ferrous sulfate solution with the concentration of 0.10 to 0.40 g.L <-1 >, and carrying out cross-linking to obtain hydrogel microspheres; and carrying out vacuum freeze drying and carbonization treatment at 750-850 DEG C in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the MnFeOx / CSA three-dimensional particle electrode. The electrode is used as a particle electrode to construct a three-dimensional electrode system, and the antibiotic-containing wastewater is subjected to electrochemical degradation in the presence of an external electric field and persulfate. According to the invention, through an in-situ loading strategy, catalyst agglomeration is effectively inhibited; and the constructed three-dimensional electrode system obviously improves the mass transfer efficiency and the degradation capability on antibiotics.

The present application belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and discloses a coal gasification slag-based composite particle electrode, a preparation method thereof, and a solar-driven photoelectric synergistic three-dimensional electrode reactor device. The coal gasification slag-based composite particle electrode is obtained by loading nickel oxide and copper oxide active components on coal gasification fine slag as a carrier after activation treatment. The three-dimensional electrode reactor containing the composite particle electrode comprises a reactor shell, an anode plate, a cathode plate, a particle electrode layer, an aeration system, a solar light condensing device, a solar energy supply system, and a power supply, and preferably further comprises a circulating system. The specific surface area and active sites of the carrier are increased through activation treatment, and the synergistic catalysis of nickel oxide and copper oxide is utilized to achieve simultaneous and efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen and humic acid in landfill leachate. The present application utilizes coal gasification solid waste resources in the field of water treatment, and has simple preparation method, stable particle electrode performance, and high treatment efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of sewage treatment, and discloses a sewage treatment system and method for photocatalytic coupling biological treatment.The sewage treatment system for photocatalytic coupling biological treatment.The sewage treatment system for photocatalytic coupling biological treatment.The sewage treatment system for photocatalytic coupling biological treatmentcomprises a pretreatment unit, a photocatalytic unit, an electrochemical biological unit, a post-treatment unit and an intelligent control unit, the pretreatment unit comprises a microwave-ozone coupling reactor and a magnetic adsorption column; the photocatalysis unit comprises a dual-band reaction tower; the electrochemical biological unit comprises a three-dimensional electrode biological membrane assembly and a FeS2 filler layer, the anode of the three-dimensional electrode biological membrane assembly is boron-doped diamond, and the cathode of the three-dimensional electrode biological membrane assembly is a carbon felt of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. Through multi-stage cooperative treatment, heavy metal ions and organic matters in the sewage are effectively removed, the removal rate of the heavy metal Cr (VI) is greater than 99.9%, the removal rate of the refractory organic matter benzene is greater than 99.9%, and the method has multi-scene applicability and efficient treatment capacity.

A system for designing a three-dimensional electrode structure according to one embodiment of the present application can include a structure forming section configured to form a CBD structure using first design parameters input for a conductive material and a binder (CBD) structure, and to form an electrode structure using second design parameters input for the electrode structure; a calculation section configured to calculate an effective conductivity of the CBD structure using an inherent conductivity of the conductive material and an inherent conductivity of the binder, to calculate an effective conductivity of the electrode structure using an inherent conductivity of an active material, an inherent conductivity of a CBD particle, and an inherent conductivity of a current collector, and to calculate a calculated resistivity of the electrode structure by converting the effective conductivity of the electrode structure into an inverse; a correction section configured to calculate a deviation by comparing a calculated specific resistance with a target resistance, and to correct a variable or a shape of the electrode structure to minimize the deviation; and an inverse section configured to calculate the inherent conductivity of the active material, the inherent conductivity of the CBD particle, the inherent conductivity of the current collector, and third design parameters, all of which are included in the corrected electrode structure.

An electrochemical cell includes a casing that: includes a lower first element in the form of a vessel, the internal surface of which is at least partially covered by a layer of conductive material so as to form the current collector of the first electrode with a first polarity; includes an upper second element in the form of a cover for closing the vessel; houses a three-dimensional electrode structure with a first electric polarity; houses a three-dimensional electrode structure with a second electric polarity opposite to the first electric polarity; and contains an electrolyte as an ionic conductive medium. The three-dimensional electrode structure with the second electric polarity includes a series of electrodes with a second polarity, each of which is an elongated body with a vertical orientation.

The application relates to the technical field of semiconductors, and provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional electrode, which comprises the following steps: manufacturing a wafer mask plate, wherein the wafer mask plate is provided with a plurality of first hollow patterns, the shape of each first hollow pattern is matched with the cross-sectional shape of the electrode, and the position of each first hollow pattern is the same as the target position of the electrode on a film-to-be-coated wafer; temporarily bonding the wafer mask plate with the surface of the film-to-be-coated wafer; and evaporating the electrode at the position opposite to the first hollow pattern on the film-to-be-coated wafer. The preparation method of the three-dimensional electrode provided by the application realizes the submicron-level accurate layout of the electrode on the film-to-be-coated wafer by manufacturing the wafer mask plate and temporarily bonding the wafer mask plate with the surface of the film-to-be-coated wafer, so that there is no gap between the wafer mask plate and the film-to-be-coated wafer and the wafer mask plate cannot move relative to the film-to-be-coated wafer, the gap between the evaporated electrode position and the target position is reduced, and the accuracy of preparing the three-dimensional electrode on the film-to-be-coated wafer is improved.

High-throughput microfluidic devices comprising one or more fluidic microchannels each with at least one flow-through 3D structure comprising a 3D electrode, or alternatively a 3D permselective structure, and optional secondary bead bed(s) are disclosed. Such devices can be used for counter-flow focusing of charged species via ion concentration polarization and in situ quantification of electrokinetically enriched charged species from an ionically conductive solution by both optical and electrical detection.

This invention proposes a three-dimensional electrode electrochemical device with descaling function. It is divided into a softening chamber and an oxidation chamber by a partition. The softening chamber contains multiple cylindrical electrode groups. Under the action of an external electric field, the cathode reaction generates a strongly alkaline environment to precipitate scale-forming ions in the water. A gas flushing mechanism and an external programmable DC regulated power supply effectively achieve automatic descaling. The three-dimensional electrode group in the oxidation chamber consists of several anode plates and cathode plates arranged alternately at equal intervals. Insulating baskets filled with particle packing are placed between adjacent electrode plates. Ultrasonic vibrating plates are integrated around the three-dimensional electrode group. A porous sieve plate and aeration pipeline are installed at the bottom of the three-dimensional electrode group. A spray mechanism with rotating nozzles is installed at the top of the oxidation chamber. The combination of the three-dimensional electrode group, ultrasonic assistance, and circulating spray enhances the oxidation efficiency. This invention removes multiple pollutants from water simultaneously and efficiently in a single reactor without the need for external reagents, through a series of electrochemical reactions. It has the advantages of high treatment efficiency, high automation, and small footprint.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional electrokinetic remediation device and application thereof. The device is of a box type structure; the electrokinetic remediation electrolytic tanks are arranged at the two ends of the device, and electrodes and an electrolyte solution are arranged in the electrokinetic remediation electrolytic tanks; the cathode, the anode and the auxiliary electrolyte cavity are arranged between the electrokinetic remediation electrolytic tanks, and the soil column pipe and the auxiliary electrolyte cavity are MnFe2O4 coated GBC; the solute in the electrolyte solution is chitosan salt, Tween X-100 and hydrogen peroxide. The problems that existing biochar only serves as a passive cathode and lacks catalytic sites, and a two-dimensional electrode structure is uneven in electric field distribution and difficult to recycle are solved, MnFe2O4-coated GBC serves as an auxiliary electrode, a three-dimensional electrode structure is constructed, and a customized composite electrolyte is combined, so that the migration ability of pollutants is enhanced, and the service life of the pollutants is prolonged. Fenton-like degradation of organic chlorine pollutants can be promoted, and the remediation efficiency and the treatment uniformity are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a method for enhancing removal of high-concentration antibiotics by a three-dimensional electrode coupled sulfur-mediated biological system. The three-dimensional electrode structure is composed of a two-dimensional electrode and pig manure biochar, when the three-dimensional electrode structure is combined with a sulfur-mediated sewage biological treatment system for use, enrichment of functional microorganisms can be promoted, electron transfer and synergistic metabolism among the functional microorganisms can be improved, efficient synergistic removal of COD-sulfate-ammonia nitrogen-sulfamethoxazole can be promoted, and the effect of removing the COD-sulfate-ammonia nitrogen-sulfamethoxazole can be achieved. And a new technology is provided for treatment of wastewater containing carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and antibiotics. Especially in deep treatment of high-concentration antibiotics and pharmaceutical wastewater, the coupling technology can realize efficient removal of pollutants and long-term stable operation of the system, and a technical path with innovativeness and application potential is provided for treatment of complex refractory wastewater.

This invention provides a three-dimensional electrode detector and its fabrication method, relating to the field of three-dimensional electrode detector technology. The fabrication process of the three-dimensional electrode detector provided by this invention does not involve multiple deep trench etching processes, and the fabrication process provided by this invention is simple, making it highly feasible.

The present invention provides a component using an anodic oxide film and including a three-dimensional electrode layer, and a manufacturing method therefor.

The application provides an electrodeposited electrode structure, a full-color display structure and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: forming a first electrode layer comprising a plurality of first electrode blocks on an insulating substrate, forming a first insulating layer; forming a second electrode layer comprising a plurality of second electrode blocks on the first insulating layer, the first and second electrode blocks being arranged at intervals in the horizontal direction; forming a second insulating layer; forming a plurality of first openings to expose the first electrode blocks; forming third electrode blocks in the first openings; forming a plurality of second openings to expose the second electrode blocks; and forming fourth electrode blocks in the second openings. The electrode prepared on a two-dimensional plane is changed into a three-dimensional electrode, the insulating layer between the electrodes is used to isolate the mutual influence between the electrodes, and the problem that the two-dimensional plane electrode is prone to short circuit is solved. Since the connecting lines of the two layers of electrodes can be arranged up and down, the arrangement area is saved, the pixel spacing is further reduced, and a color conversion film with higher resolution can be obtained.

This invention discloses a composite macroporous adsorption resin sphere and its preparation method, comprising activated carbon spheres, wherein the activated carbon spheres have a metal oxide catalyst loaded on their outer surface, and the outer surface of the activated carbon spheres is constructed with a highly cross-linked macroporous adsorption resin layer. Beneficial effects: Using activated carbon spheres loaded with metal oxide catalysts as the core, low-crosslinked polystyrene spheres are constructed on the surface of the activated carbon spheres through multiple suspension polymerization methods. Finally, a styrene-divinyl composite sphere is formed using a swelling method and a post-crosslinking process. This composite sphere not only possesses the advantages of highly cross-linked macroporous resins—porous structure, high strength, and high adsorption performance—but also exhibits the characteristics of electrocatalytic oxidation of three-dimensional electrode particles. Under electrocatalytic oxidation, the strong oxidizing substances generated on the surface of the activated carbon particles, which act as three-dimensional electrode particles, have the highest concentration at the contact surface between the activated carbon and the resin. In particular, the generated hydroxyl radicals can directly oxidize organic matter adsorbed deep within the resin pores.

The utility model discloses a three-dimensional electrode COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) degradation device which comprises an electro-catalysis tank body, a first bin body is arranged on the front side of an inner cavity of the electro-catalysis tank body, a second bin body is arranged on the rear side of the inner cavity of the electro-catalysis tank body, and three-dimensional electrode integrated modules are arranged in the first bin body and the second bin body. The front surface of the electro-catalysis tank body is electrically connected with an anode power supply, the back surface of the electro-catalysis tank body is electrically connected with a cathode power supply, the three-dimensional electrode integration module is divided into numbers 1-6, the numbers 1, 3 and 5 are electrically connected with the anode power supply, and the numbers 2, 4 and 6 are electrically connected with the cathode power supply. According to the degradation device disclosed by the utility model, the phenomena of low COD treatment effect and non-uniform mixing of wastewater in the prior art are changed, the three-dimensional electrode integration module is aerated and scoured by adopting the aeration pipe, and the wastewater is uniformly mixed in cooperation with the internal circulating pump, so that the use effect of the degradation device is not influenced to a great extent.

This application relates to the field of wastewater treatment, specifically disclosing a method and apparatus for the remediation of pyrene pollution using surfactant-coupled electrocatalytic oxidation. The method includes: mixing pyrene-containing pollutants with a surfactant for solubilization treatment; introducing the solubilized medium into a three-dimensional electrocatalytic oxidation reactor for degradation, the reactor employing Ti / Cu-Sb-SnO2 as the anode and SnO2-Sb-supported modified tourmaline as the magnetic particle electrode, and equipped with a magnetic field auxiliary device; circulating the medium between the solubilization and electrocatalytic steps until the pollution meets standards. The corresponding apparatus includes a solubilization unit, a three-dimensional electrocatalytic oxidation unit, and a circulation system. This invention overcomes the mass transfer bottleneck caused by the hydrophobicity of pyrene through surfactant solubilization, and achieves efficient ·OH generation and deep mineralization of pollutants through the synergistic effect of Cu-doped anode, magnetic three-dimensional electrode system, and magnetic field, with a pyrene removal rate as high as 98%, suitable for the remediation of various types of pyrene-containing wastewater.

The application relates to a water-based zinc ion battery composite negative electrode and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) adding propionic acid into p-phthalaldehyde, indium acetate and pyrrole in sequence to obtain a first mixed solution; immersing a three-dimensional carbon skeleton into the first mixed solution; adding a second mixed solution into the first mixed solution drop by drop; and performing airtight reflux after dropwise addition is completed, so that POF@CC is obtained; (2) taking POF@CC as a working electrode, taking a saturated mercury electrode as a reference electrode, taking a zinc sheet as a counter electrode, composing a three-electrode deposition system, depositing zinc by using a constant current method, and obtaining a water-based zinc ion battery composite negative electrode. The application eliminates disordered sheet growth on a pure carbon substrate, induces single-fiber coaxial compact stacking of metal zinc according to a low surface energy crystal face, forms a novel three-dimensional electrode structure which is wrapped in multiple layers and is compact and coaxial, and constructs a high-performance water-based energy storage composite negative electrode which is free of dead zinc, corrosion-resistant and retains macroscopic flexibility.

This invention relates to the field of fine chemical wastewater treatment technology, and discloses an electrochemical ozone oxidation coupling wastewater treatment device and method. The device includes a particle electrode bed and an anode and cathode disposed on the particle electrode bed. The anode is a rod-shaped anode and / or a tubular anode, and the cathode is a tubular cathode with aeration function. The anode and cathode are arranged perpendicular to the bottom of the particle electrode bed. Compared with traditional three-dimensional electrode systems, the device provided by this invention has more ·OH generation pathways, enabling more efficient wastewater treatment. Furthermore, by optimizing the electrode material, shape, and assembly method, the effluent quality can be further improved. In addition, the device provided by this invention has the advantages of not generating secondary pollution and requiring no additional reagents during use, making it easier to manage and promote its application.

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for forming a three-dimensional electrode structure, and to a method and an apparatus for calculating a shape parameter of a three-dimensional electrode structure thus formed. A method for forming a three-dimensional electrode structure according to an embodiment of the present invention may comprise: a coating process step in which a coating process simulator determines dimensions of domains and voxels based on design parameters input for the three-dimensional electrode structure, and forming an active material, a conductive additive and binder (CBD) and a current collector within the domain using the design parameters; and a rolling process step in which a rolling process simulator simulates a rolling process of the domain and corrects a structural deformation error of the rolled domain using machine parameters input for the three-dimensional electrode structure.

The invention belongs to the field of water pollution treatment, and particularly discloses a method for treating ammonia-nitrogen wastewater based on a three-dimensional electrode, which comprises the following steps: firstly, by taking cheap metal bismuth, sodium chloride and the like as raw materials, directly synthesizing a BiOCl shell layer on the surface of a pure bismuth particle in situ by adopting a wet chemical method to form a stable Bi-coated BiOCl core-shell structure, and preparing BiOCl particles; then the prepared BiOCl particles are used as a third electrode, a Ti net or a stainless steel plate is used as a cathode, a ruthenium-iridium-titanium mixed metal net is used as an anode, a three-dimensional electrode electrolysis device is constructed, the device can maintain high chlorine free radical generation efficiency based on catalytic adsorption synergy of the BiOCl particles under the severe conditions of low Cl, acidity and containing organic matter (humic acid and the like), the current efficiency is remarkable, and the device is suitable for large-scale industrial production. The method has the advantages that the pH is not required to be frequently adjusted or exogenous chlorine is not required to be added, the stability is excellent, the organic matter interference resistance is high, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate of 93% or above can be achieved, the performance is superior to that of an existing three-dimensional system such as activated carbon and metal oxide, and an innovative solution is provided for degradation-resistant ammonia nitrogen wastewater.

This invention discloses a multi-electrode subcutaneous implantable biosensor, comprising a flexible composite substrate, a three-dimensional electrode system, and an in-situ self-maintaining system. The three-dimensional electrode system includes at least one first working electrode disposed on the front side of the flexible composite substrate, and a solid reference electrode and a counter electrode disposed on the back side. The working electrode, solid reference electrode, and counter electrode are electrically connected through inclined conductive vias penetrating the flexible composite substrate. The in-situ self-maintaining system is communicatively connected to a signal processing and control circuit, enabling active intervention on the surface microenvironment of the working electrode. By arranging the working electrode on the front side of the flexible composite substrate and the solid reference electrode and counter electrode on the back side, and utilizing inclined conductive vias to achieve three-dimensional electrical interconnection, the front working electrode is brought closer to the tissue fluid to be tested, optimizing mass transfer. The back electrode is located away from the implantation interface, which is heavily contaminated with biofouling, providing a more stable and cleaner electrochemical environment for the reference electrode.

The application relates to the field of sensors, and discloses a preparation method of an electrochemical immunosensor electrode for collagen detection. The silk fabric is activated and heat treated to obtain a nitrogen-containing porous three-dimensional skeleton with multiple active sites and conductivity; a three-dimensional skeleton is used as a working electrode, a platinum sheet is used as a counter electrode, and an Ag / AgCl electrode is used as a reference electrode; a polypyrrole is formed through a constant potential electrochemical deposition method to complementarily complete preliminary modification of an electrode substrate together with a carbon material; then, gold nanoparticles and antibodies are loaded on the electrode to complete preparation of the electrode. The three-dimensional electrode skeleton with high porosity is prepared, the active material loading capacity is increased, a conductive polymer is introduced to modify the electrode to increase the electrochemical performances such as conductivity, specific capacity and specific surface area of the electrode, and the gold nanoparticles are introduced to increase the biocompatibility of the material and load the antibodies, so that the defects of a single material are supplemented.

This invention relates to the field of water treatment technology and discloses an intermittent electrocatalytic treatment method for trace estrogen in reclaimed water. The method is carried out in a three-dimensional electrode reactor. Before formal treatment, a pre-treated water sample containing the estrogen to be removed is used to pre-saturate the particle electrode. Subsequently, reclaimed water containing one or more estrogenic pollutants is continuously introduced into the reactor, operating at a current density of 1.0–10.0 mA / cm², a hydraulic retention time of 5–20 min, and an aeration rate of 0–3.0 L / min. An intermittent power supply mode with alternating power on and off is employed, wherein the ratio of power on time to power off time is 1:1, and the power off time is 2–120 s. During the power off phase, the estrogen to be removed accumulates on the surface of the particle electrode. During the power on phase, the particle electrode repolarizes to form a micro-battery and undergoes electrochemical oxidation in conjunction with the anode, causing direct oxidation and / or indirect oxidation mediated by an electrogenerated oxidant, while the particle electrode achieves in-situ regeneration. The method is applicable to the treatment of trace amounts of estrogens in reclaimed water, preferably one or more of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and bisphenol A (BPA). This invention can reduce the artificially inflated impact of adsorption on the evaluation of treatment effectiveness, and reduce energy consumption while ensuring treatment efficiency.

The utility model discloses a sewage treatment device with a sensitized three-dimensional electrode combined with a bio-membrane reactor, which relates to the technical field of sewage treatment and comprises an optical / electric advanced oxidation pond and a bio-membrane reaction pond, the left side of the optical / electric advanced oxidation pond is connected with a water inlet, and a cathode, an anode and a sensitized particle electrode are arranged in the optical / electric advanced oxidation pond; the cathode is a graphite fiber felt electrode coated with a photo / electro-catalyst, and the anode is a metal mesh electrode; electrode plates of the cathode and the anode are connected with an external direct-current power supply through electric wires; the exterior of the photoelectric advanced oxidation pond is irradiated by a solar light source; according to the utility model, a doped sensitized particle electrode optical / electric advanced oxidation device and a doped sensitized particle electrode optical / electric advanced oxidation method are combined with a moving bed-fixed bed bio-membrane reactor to form a linked coupling system, so that the collaboration between coupling devices is fully exerted, the operation flexibility and the treatment efficiency of the sewage treatment device are improved, the facility configuration is simplified, and the cost is reduced.

The application relates to the field of electro-catalytic oxidation degradation, and discloses a carbon-based material for three-dimensional electrode filling and a preparation method and application thereof.The carbon-based material contains C, H, O, N, S, Fe, Si and Mn.The carbon-based material for three-dimensional electrode filling has the advantages of stable performance, high catalytic efficiency and low price; can realize the purpose of changing waste into treasure and treating waste with waste; can achieve the dual purposes of solid waste resource utilization and pollutant removal; and has good economic, environmental and social benefits.

High-throughput microfluidic devices comprising one or more fluidic microchannels each with at least one flow-through 3D structure comprising a 3D electrode, or alternatively a 3D permselective structure, and optional secondary bead bed(s) are disclosed. Such devices can be used for counter-flow focusing of charged species via ion concentration polarization and in situ quantification of electrokinetically enriched charged species from an ionically conductive solution by both optical and electrical detection.