494 results about "Three dimensional electrode" patented technology

A three-dimensional electrode structure for use in a battery comprising a porous three-dimensional substrate formed from a first electrically conductive material, an ion-conducting dielectric material disposed on the porous three dimensional substrate, and a second electrically conductive material disposed on the ion-conducting dielectric material, wherein the ion-conducting dielectric material separates the first electrically conductive material from the second electrically conductive material.

The invention relates to an integral solar energy photoelectricity water-treatment device comprising an electrode couple or an three-dimensional electrode as well as an electrolytic bath, a storage battery, solar energy battery components and corresponding controllers and an ultraviolet lamp, wherein the electrode couple or the three-dimensional electrode is loaded with photocatalytic materials; the ultraviolet lamp is used for illuminating a photoelectrode; the solar energy battery components convert the received solar light energy to electric energy which is then transmitted and stored in the storage battery so as to supply power for the ultraviolet lamp and/or the electrode couple intermittently or continuously. The invention integrates an optical chemical oxidation process and an electric chemical oxidation process which both generate enhancement and synergetic effects for improving the water treatment efficiency, or the functions of the optical chemical oxidation process and the electric chemical oxidation process can be independently exerted to realize water purification; the invention has the advantages of simple structure, low manufacturing cost, safe and simple operation, easy realization of automation and safe maintenance, driving the entire water treatment process by wholly or partly utilizing the electric energy converted from the solar energy, solving the problem of high dependence on energy sources in a photoelectrocatalytic water treatment process and being capable of not depending on the traditional power grid in service.

Methods and apparatus for forming energy storage devices are provided. In one embodiment a method of producing an energy storage device is provided. The method comprises positioning an anodic current collector into a processing region, depositing one or more three-dimensional electrodes separated by a finite distance on a surface of the anodic current collector such that portions of the surface of the anodic current collector remain exposed, depositing a conformal polymeric layer over the anodic current collector and the one or more three-dimensional electrodes using iCVD techniques comprising flowing a gaseous monomer into the processing region, flowing a gaseous initiator into the processing region through a heated filament to form a reactive gas mixture of the gaseous monomer and the gaseous initiator, wherein the heated filament is heated to a temperature between about 300° C. and about 600° C., and depositing a conformal layer of cathodic material over the conformal polymeric layer.

A three-dimensional electrode architecture for a supercapacitor and/or battery characterized by high power density and high energy density includes at least one negative electrode and at least one positive disposed in an interpenetrating manner. Also disclosed are corresponding or associated three-dimensional supercapacitors or batteries as well as methods for making the same.

A dielectrophoretic separation device includes a chamber including an inlet and an outlet disposed between the inlet and the outlet. A plurality of three dimensional electrodes are disposed in within the chamber. The electrodes may take the form of a wire or semi-cylindrical conductors disposed on a substrate. At least some of the electrodes include smooth surfaces so as to create an electric field (in response to an applied alternating current) that has a low strength in a region disposed away from the electrodes and an electric field having a high fields strength in a region between adjacent electrodes. Particulate matter or other species experiencing a positive DEP force may be separated and collected in the gaps or regions formed between adjacent electrodes.

The invention discloses a coking wastewater deep treatment and reuse process and equipment thereof, belonging to the technical field of environmental protection, and the main steps are as follows: dosing a coagulant in biochemical treatment water, then leading the biochemical treatment water to enter into a sedimentation tank, discharging sludge from a sludge hopper, leading treated water to enter into a three-dimensional electrode reactor, leading the outlet water after electro-oxidation treatment to enter into a biological filter tank, and leading the water after the treatment of the biological filter tank to enter into a follow-up ultrafiltration treatment; the ultrafiltration outlet water has two selections, one is to reuse the outlet water as the process water directly, the other one is to continuously pass through a reverse osmosis membrane system for treatment; and the coagulation and sedimentation tank, the process equipment of the three-dimensional electrode reactor, the biological filter tank, the ultrafiltration system and the reverse osmosis desalination system are adopted during the treatment process, thereby achieving the purposes of removing residual refractory organic matters, suspended impurities and salt in the waste water, reusing the outlet water, simultaneously leading the content of the organic matters in the reverse osmosis concentrated water not to exceed the national environmental protection standard, also reusing the concentrated water in occasions with less stringent requirements on the water quality and achieving the purpose of zero emission of the wastewater.

The invention provides a novel three-dimensional anode material for hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The novel three-dimensional anode material comprises nickel foam loaded N-doped carbon/transition metal oxide prepared in situ according to a liquid-solid synthesis method as well as a three-dimensional anode piece used for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. A preparation method of the three-dimensional anode material particularly comprises the following steps: (1) immersing clean nickel foam into a mixed solution, containing transition metal salt, a silicon source and a nitrogen source, of water and ethanol, taking out the nickel foam for airing, and repeating for three times; (2) calcining the nickel foam piece obtained in the step (1) for 1-6 h at 600-800 DEG C under the protection of inert gas, and then heating for 1-1.5 h at 200-250 DEG C in the atmosphere of O2, so as to obtain a nickel foam loaded N-doped carbon/transition metal oxide three-dimensional electrode. The three-dimensional electrode produced according to the preparation method has relatively low oxygen evolution overvoltage, has relatively high structural stability and oxygen evolution catalytic activity under long-term alkaline electrolysis condition, is simple in production process and adjustable in electrode component and variety, and has wide application prospects.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional electrode bio-membrane system used for processing high-ammonium-nitrogen wastewater with a low carbon-nitrogen ratio. According to the invention, a barrier membrane concentric with a reactor body is arranged in the reactor body; with the barrier membrane, the reactor body is separated into a round anode zone and an annular cathode zone; a microbe carrier filling material is filled in the anode zone, and a positive electrode is arranged at the center of the anode zone; a negative electrode is arranged in the cathode zone, and conductive particles arefilled in the cathode zone, wherein the conductive particles serve as a third electrode; the negative electrode and the conductive particles both serve as microbe carriers; a water inlet pipe is arranged on the bottom of the anode zone, and a water outlet pipe is arranged in the cathode zone; the water outlet pipe is arranged on an outer wall on the upper end of the reactor body. According to theinvention, in a same electrode bio-membrane reactor, an eligible environment for the microbes is created with an electrochemical effect; an electron acceptor and an electron donor are respectively provided, such that nitrification and denitrification actions are respectively carried out, and ammonium-nitrogen wastewater can be effectively treated. The system is advantaged in low energy consumption, high efficiency, simple structure, and easy operation.

The invention discloses an electrochemical biological combined denitrification reactor, which comprises a tank body, an electrode plate, a particle electrode, an aerating apparatus and a constant current transformer. Both ends of the tank body are respectively provided with a water inlet and a water outlet. The electrode plate comprises an anode arranged on the center part of the tank body and a cathode which surrounds the anode to be arranged at the position close to the tank wall; the anode and the cathode are respectively connected with an anode and a cathode of the constant current transformer; the particle electrode is filled between the anode and the cathode; and the aerating apparatus comprises a fine bubble aerator arranged on the bottom of the tank body and an air pump connected with the fine bubble aerator. The device of the invention has compact and simple structure, small occupied area, high current utilization rate and rapid biofilm formation of microbe, can simultaneously remove various pollutants, such as organic matter, ammonia nitrogen and the like, has high denitrification efficiency and low energy consumption, is easy to regulate and control and is a multiple three-dimensional electrode biomembrane sewage treatment device integrating biology with an electric microfield into whole body.

The invention discloses a novel three-dimensional electrode device for treating wastewater difficult in biologically degrading. The novel three-dimensional electrode device comprises electrochemical catalysis oxidization cathode electrode plates and electrochemical catalysis oxidization anode electrode plates, which are alternated in a reactor, and also comprises a micropore aeration plate arranged at the bottom of the reactor and an iron-carbon micro-electrolysis filler of a three-dimensional electrode, wherein wastewater enters the device and then sequentially enters through holes of all stages of electrode plates and then flows out, and aeration of small bubbles is carried out through micropores in the micropore aeration plate at the bottom of the reactor. According to the novel three-dimensional electrode device, main harmful pollution sources in pesticide wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater and pharmaceutical wastewater can be efficiently degraded and removed through catalytic oxidization, and the wastewater difficult in biologically degrading is completely degraded or harmless or degradable wastewater with low-grade organic matters is generated. The novel three-dimensional electrode device has the advantages of high operation efficiency, easiness in installation and small occupation area, can ensure that COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and chroma removing rate of the wastewater difficult in biologically degrading is high due to the adoption of singe-class effluent, can be used for completely degrading toxic pollutants in the wastewater, and is stable in effluent quality.

Multi-phase RF ablation employing a two-dimensional or three-dimensional electrode array produces a multitude of currents paths on the surface of the ablation zone. This results in a uniform lesion with a size defined by the span of the electrode array. An orthogonal electrode catheter array suitable for cardiac ablation is used in conjunction with a two-phase RF power source to produce uniform square-shaped lesions of size 1.2 cm². Lesions of larger size are created by successive adjacent placement of the square-shaped lesions. A temperature sensor at the electrode tip allows monitoring of ablation temperature and regulation of thereof to minimize the electrode tips from being fouled by coagulum. In another embodiment, an external auxiliary electrode is used in combination with the catheter electrodes. This also produces lesions of greater depth. In yet another embodiment, ablation is performed with a sequence of elementary electrode-electrical configurations.

The invention relates to a three-dimensional miniature super capacitor electrode manufactured from a nano porous composite material and a manufacturing method thereof, which belong to the technical field of miniature energy-storing appliances and microelectronic mechanical processing. In the three-dimensional miniature super capacitor electrode, a silicon dioxide insulating layer, a metal currentcollecting and extracting layer and an electrode active material layer are sequentially formed on a silicon substrate to form the super capacitor electrode with a three-dimensional structure. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps of: forming a groove with a certain length, width and depth ratio on the silicon substrate through the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) etching technique; adhering an electrode active material and a conducting reinforcing agent through an organic adhesive; piling in the groove to form a self-supporting electrode; and etching the side wall of the self-supporting electrode to form the oppositely inserted three-dimensional electrode. The three-dimensional miniature super capacitor electrode adopts a three-dimensional electrode structure vertical to a chip area and extended in the third dimensional direction and has high microminiaturization degree and integration degree, so that the formed super capacitor can provide higher power output when compared with a battery and has better charge and discharge recyclability and higher charge and discharge efficiency.

The invention belongs to the field of an electrochemical reactor, and relates to a composite particle electrode for a bipolar three-dimensional electrode reactor and a preparation method of the electrode. The composite particle electrode comprises active carbon particles and porous ceramic ring grains, wherein the active carbon particles account for 60 to 70 percent by weight of the gross of a grain electrode, and the porous ceramic ring grains account for 30 to 40 percent by weight of the gross of the grain electrode; and the active carbon particles and the porous ceramic ring grains are respectively loaded with different metal active components. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: (1) preprocessing the particles and the grains, (2) soaking and adsorbing, (3) heat treatment, and (4) roasting activation. The composite particle electrode has the characteristics that the preparation method is simple, investment is less, the industrialization is easy to realize, and utilization rate of the effective space of an electrolytic tank is high. The composite particle electrode can be used for preprocessing high-concentration persistent organic pollutants, can improve the biodegradability of the sewage, and also can be used for the further treatment of the low-concentration sewage of a sewage treatment plant, and the application prospect is promising.

The invention relates to a catalytic electrolysis coupling reactor which is suitable for treating various organic wastewater, especially organic wastewater difficult to be bio-degraded. The reactor consists essentially of an iron internal electrolytic layer, an ultrasonic irradiation layer and a three-dimensional electrode oxidation layer which are coupled and connected in series from bottom to top; water treatment technologies such as traditional internal electrolysis, ultrasonic wave and an electricity-Fenton method are coupled to treat the organic wastewater difficult to be bio-degraded soas to lead the organic wastewater to stably reach standard; and the catalytic electrolysis coupling reactor not only can be applicable to pretreatment of various organic wastewater which has high concentration and is difficult to be bio-degraded so as to greatly reduce the concentration of organic pollutants and improve the biodegradability of the wastewater, but also can be applicable to main treatment units for wastewater with small volume of flow so as to lead the treated wastewater to directly reach the standard and be discharged.

The invention provides a three-dimensional electrode slice based on an aqueous adhesive and a preparation method of the three-dimensional electrode slice. The method comprises the following steps: mixing the aqueous adhesive, a conductive agent and an active substance into slurry according to a certain proportion, and coating a three-dimensional porous metal current collector with the slurry; and performing the operation of drying, rolling, slicing or further carbonization and the like to prepare the three-dimensional electrode slice for a lithium ion battery. A water-soluble organic polymer material is adopted as the adhesive, so that the advantages of low price, wide source, environmental friendliness and the like are realized. The prepared three-dimensional electrode slice has a porous three-dimensional structure. Through the three-dimensional structure, infiltration of electrolyte is facilitated; the interface compatibility between the electrolyte and the active substance is improved; and the discharge rate characteristic of the battery is improved effectively. The three-dimensional electrode slice is simple in structure, simple and convenient in preparation process, and easy to implement.

The invention discloses an electrochemical reactor for processing nitrogenous organic wastewater, and an application and a processing method thereof, and belongs to the field of processing nitrogenous organic wastewater. The device comprises a reaction container, a power supply, a gas outlet pipe, a water outlet pipe, a water outlet pipe valve and a water inlet system, and further comprises a packing material, a negative plate and a positive plate, wherein the packing material is formed by mixing active carbon and magnet particles; the negative plate is connected with the negative electrode of the power supply; the negative plate is a silicon dioxide plate loaded copper-palladium coating electrode, and the coating material consists of Pd and Cu at a mass ratio of 6: 1; and the positive plate is a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) oxide coating electrode Ti/IrO2-PtO2. The reactor is a batch-type operation three-dimensional electrode reactor which adopts a mixture of active carbon particles and magnet particles with similar diameter as the packing material, and has the functions of efficiently removing nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and COD (chemical oxygen demand), and is low in energy consumption; and the reactor is capable of achieving a purpose of removing nitrogen and COD in the nitrogenous organic wastewater.

A 3-D IC includes a substrate having a substrate surface. A first semiconductor device has a first electrical contact and is formed in a first area of the surface on a first plane substantially parallel to the substrate surface. A second semiconductor device has a second electrical contact and is formed in a second area of the surface on a second plane substantially parallel to the surface and vertically spaced from the first plane in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface. A first electrode structure includes opposing top and bottom surfaces substantially parallel to the substrate surface, and a sidewall connecting the top and bottom surfaces such that the electrode structure forms a three dimensional electrode space. A conductive fill material is provided in the electrode space, and a dielectric layer electrically separates the conductive fill material into a first electrode electrically connected to the first contact of the first semiconductor device and a second electrode electrically connected to the second semiconductor device and electrically insulated from the first electrode. A first circuit terminal extends vertically from the top or bottom surface of the electrode structure and is electrically connected to the first electrode.

The invention relates to a three-phase three-dimensional electrode photoelectric reactor and application thereof. The reactor comprises a reactor shell, a titanium metal net anode, a stainless steel or graphite cathode, a gas distribution board, a double-layer U-shaped quartz pipe as well as a light source UV (ultraviolet) lamp, a three-dimensional particle electrode and clapboards placed in the quartz pipe. According to the three-phase three-dimensional photoelectric reactor provided by the invention, a non-homogeneous three-dimensional electrode and a photocatalysis technique are ingeniously combined, not only are the oxidation of the anode and the reduction of the cathode utilized, but also the synergism of.OH, H2O2, -OH and other active substances generated by an electric field and photocatalysis are utilized, the surfaces of TiO2 particles are continuously renewed, and the reaction system is organically harmonized, thus the organic matter degradation reaction is more thorough, and the decolorizing rate in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can reach 97.09%. A large reaction chamber is uniformly divided into 2-6 small reaction chambers by the clapboards, thus a group of 2-6 control experiments can be carried out under the reaction conditions of the same voltage, light source, reaction time and the like.

An embodiment of the invention provides a device and a method for treating refractory wastewater by coupling an electrocatalytic membrane with a three-dimensional electrode. The device mainly comprises a Ti4O7/Ti filter element anode, a water-permeable separation mesh, a graphite felt cathode, C@Fe3O4 particles, an aeration pipe and a current-stabilized and voltage-stabilized power supply; and the device is in the shape of a cylinder on the whole, the Ti4O7/Ti filter element anode is fixed at the center of the bottom of the device and a layer of water-permeable separation mesh wraps the surface of the anode, the graphite felt cathode clings to the inner wall of the cylinder, the aeration pipe is placed at the bottom of the device and beside the graphite felt cathode, the C@Fe3O4 particles fill the space between the water-permeable separation mesh and the graphite felt cathode to form the three-dimensional electrode, the graphite felt cathode and the Ti4O7/Ti filter element anode are connected with a negative electrode and a positive electrode of the current-stabilized and voltage-stabilized power supply, respectively, and organic matter in the wastewater is degraded by a constant-current operation mode. In the device and the method provided by the invention, the Ti4O7/Ti filter element anode is coupled with the C@Fe3O4 three-dimensional electrode system to enhance the treatment effect on refractory pollutants, and through the synergistic effect of the cathode and the anode, the efficiency of the system for oxidizing pollutants is improved, and the energy consumption for wastewater treatment is reduced.

A method for treatment of coke wastewater, including (1) introducing wastewater into a regulating reservoir into which an acid liquor is added until the pH value of the wastewater ranges between about 5.5 and about 6.5; (2) introducing the wastewater into a three-dimensional electrode treatment device for electrolysis treatment; and (3) introducing the wastewater into a coagulation reaction tank into which an alkali liquor is added until the pH value of the wastewater ranges between 8 and 10, and as a coagulant polysilicate ferric magnesium is added into the wastewater for a hybrid reaction of between 5 and 15 mins; allowing the wastewater to flow into a sedimentation basin for plain sedimentation of between 4 and 6 hrs; and extracting a supernatant liquor to yield a processed effluent.

The invention discloses a three dimension electrode reaction unit, which is characterized in that short flow of wastewater is avoided by arranging plate-type main electrodes placed in a parallel staggered manner, insulation baskets with holes and particle electrodes filled therein, aerator pipes, insulation frames of which the surfaces have fine wire screens, support pins and tees, so that the wastewater is more uniformly mixed and the retention time is simultaneously reduced; the aeration is more uniform, the degree of mixedness of the wastewater is deepened, and the mass transfer efficiency is greatly improved; the partitioning design of the particle electrodes can omit a discharge opening of a traditional device, so that loading and unloading of the particle electrodes are more convenient and cleaner, and the partitioning design of the particle electrodes also can block a short-circuit current difficult to overcome in a traditional three dimension electrode reaction unit, and economy, green and high efficiency are realized; a gas-liquid mixture can be removed while mixing and effluent discharging are performed; the occurrence of a siphon problem can be avoided; the height of the wastewater can be controlled through the length of a discharging tube, thus a basic parameter, namely the filling amount of the particle electrodes, is controlled, and a better treatment effect is further obtained.

The invention discloses a particle electrode for a photocatalytic three-dimensional electrode/electro-Fenton system and a preparation method thereof. The particle electrode is prepared from activated-carbon loaded bimetallic codoping P25. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preprocessing activated carbon to obtain ultrasonic-nitric acid modified activated carbon; preparing bimetallic codoping P25, and then loading the ultrasonic-nitric acid modified activated carbon and the bimetallic codoping P25 to obtain the particle electrode used for the visible-light photocatalytic three-dimensional electrode/electro-Fenton system. The preparation method is simple, and the obtained particle electrode has a visible-light photoelectrocatalytic effect and can rapidly and efficiently degrade organic pollutants. The particle electrode can obtain an obvious visible-light photocatalysis and three-dimensional electrode/electro-Fenton synergetic treatment effect at the visible-light photocatalytic three-dimensional electrode/electro-Fenton system.