The invention discloses a rear wheel axle structure and a mounting method. The rear wheel axle structure comprises a rear wheel axle, a rear rocker arm, a chain wheel seat combination, a rear rim combination, a rear wheel right bushing, a caliper bracket, a right adjusting block and an axle fastening nut which are assembled in sequence; and the rear wheel axle structure further comprises a fastener for limiting the rear rim combination front and back; and the rear wheel axle is of an integrally-formed pipe structure, and a left adjusting block is fixed to the left end of the rear wheel axle. As the rear wheel axle is of an integrally-formed pipe structure, the manufacturing process is simple, and the straightness of a finished product is good; and compared with a traditional solid shaft, the rear wheel axle has the advantages that a tubular shaft with a larger diameter can be adopted under the same mass, and the bearing strength is better. Therefore, according to the rear wheel axle structure, the rear wheel axle is improved, the technological manufacturing process is simplified, and the problems in the field at the present stage are solved.