77 results about "Active surface area" patented technology

Disclosed herein are methods for producing electrodes comprising single-layer 1T′-transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets. The method includes filtering a suspension of single-layer 1T′-TMD nanosheets over a polymeric substrate to produce the electrode, wherein, the single-layer 1T′-TMD nanosheets of the electrode are no more than 1,000 nm in thickness; the electrode comprises at least 70% 1T′-phase; and the electrode has a calculated electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) that is about 10-fold higher than that of a control electrode, which comprises 2H-TMD nanosheets. Also disclosed herein are methods for deionizing a fluid. The method includes steps of discharging the fluid in an electrochemical capacitor at a constant voltage of no more than 0.5 V to deionize the fluid, wherein the electrochemical capacitor is characterized in having the electrode comprising single-layer 1T′-TMD nanosheets produced by the present method.

The invention belongs to the field of electrocatalyst preparation and application, and particularly relates to a CNS-FeNi2S4 / NF composite electrocatalyst and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the preparation method, a one-step hydrothermal method and a one-step solvothermal method are adopted, foamed nickel is taken as a substrate, and FeNi2S4 supported by cocatalysts CNS with different contents is loaded on the foamed nickel, so that the CNS-FeNi2S4 / NF composite electrocatalyst is obtained. By optimizing the content of the cocatalyst CNS, the composite electrocatalyst with excellent oxygen evolution performance is obtained, the overpotential of the electrocatalyst is reduced, and the electrochemical active surface area is increased, so that the composite electrocatalyst is subjected to electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction in an alkaline solution, and has high activity and good stability. The catalyst has the advantages of low cost, simple synthesis steps, greenness, no pollution and the like.

Despite the existence and deployment of a range of antimicrobial / disinfectant / sterilization technologies and products, transmission of infectious diseases remains a significant problem worldwide, continuing to cause hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths every year of both human beings and animals. State-of-the-art technologies suffer from several disadvantages including being discrete in space and time, being overly dependent on human skill and discipline, and in some cases having harmful side-effects to human health. This invention proposes a series of industrial grade antimicrobial product designs, and materials and methods to make them highly effective products that offer continuous antimicrobial action, with minimum dependence on human discipline and skill once deployed, and with no harmful side-effects. Methods may include either or both first and second materials be formed by vapor or solution-based coating schemes and many may be antimicrobial in nature. Nanopores and / or nanotubes produce an ultra-high anti-microbially active surface area.

The invention discloses a multi-stage plate-type electro-catalytic membrane reactor for degrading organic matters in reverse osmosis concentrated water of coking wastewater and application of the multi-stage plate-type electro-catalytic membrane reactor. The multi-stage plate-type electro-catalytic membrane reactor is internally provided with a chamber for electrochemical reaction, and consists of a plurality of cathode chambers and anode chambers which are the same in number and are uniformly alternated, a conductive contact pin, a water inlet end and a water outlet end, the distance between every two cavities is 10 mm, the multiple cathode chambers and the multiple anode chambers which are the same in number and are evenly and alternately arranged are detachable plate faces, operation is convenient, and environment friendliness is achieved. The multi-stage plate-type electro-catalytic membrane reactor is simple in design, wastewater runs in the reactor in a circulation mode, mass transfer can be improved, the electrochemical active surface area can be increased, the current utilization efficiency can be improved through a parallel power connection mode, and the service life of the reactor is prolonged. The device has the advantages of high organic matter removal efficiency, convenience in actual operation, automatic management, good stability, low operation energy consumption, reusability and the like, and has research significance in the field of electrochemical water treatment.

This invention discloses a Pt / O-NCP catalyst and its preparation method. It utilizes self-developed nanoporous carbon (NCP) as a support, which is modified to change the internal pores from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic state. A special preparation method is then used to obtain the noble metal catalyst Pt / O-NCP. During catalyst loading, most Pt nanoparticles are located within the mesopores of the support, maximizing the direct contact between the polymer and Pt (sulfonic acid poisoning). This solves the problems in existing catalysts where Pt nanoparticles are prone to dissolution and carbon corrosion under voltage fluctuations, leading to Pt growth and aggregation, thus avoiding the reduction in catalytic performance caused by a decrease in the active surface area of ​​the catalyst. Furthermore, this catalyst can also address the significant decrease in overpotential of ordinary carbon support materials under low humidity, resolving the typical performance degradation of PEMFCs under low humidity conditions.

The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental engineering, and provides preparation of a phosphorus-doped high-curvature regulated titanium black porous electrode and application of the phosphorus-doped high-curvature regulated titanium black porous electrode in deep reduction of an electrochemical enhanced pharmaceutical wastewater resistance gene. The high-curvature tip nanotube structure is prepared through NH4F electrochemical etching, the increased electrochemical active surface area and the tip enhanced electric field effect synergistically promote charge enrichment and electron accumulation, and the average current density of the system is remarkably improved. P doping further optimizes the surface curvature of titanium black, lattice expansion is induced by regulating lattice tensile strain, Ti track overlapping is reduced, a d band is narrowed, and the energy level of the d band is shifted upwards. The ratio of Ti < 3 + > and oxygen vacancies in the doped material are remarkably increased, the generation capacity of. OH is enhanced, the generation rate of < 1 > O2 is increased, and high-efficiency and low-power-consumption catalytic degradation of resistance genes and antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater is realized by combining the characteristics of two free radicals. The electrode is simple in preparation process, raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain, and the electrode has large-scale production potential.

Methods and systems for state of health (SOH) monitoring in a fuel cell. Methods and systems for monitoring and estimating a state of health (SOH) of a fuel cell are disclosed herein. The state of health of the battery may be estimated by determining a loss of an electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of the cathode catalyst. The method includes providing an external step excitation to the cell, recording a response of the fuel cell to the external step excitation, and determining an analytical expression of the recorded fuel cell response. Once an analysis expression is determined, at least one parameter of the analysis expression is compared to a start of life (BoL) value of the parameter to determine the ECSA loss.

The application discloses a method for synthesizing Au-Pt nanowire arrays by an electrochemical deposition method on carbon paper with aniline as a ligand and application thereof, and can be applied to methanol electro-oxidation reaction. After growing gold nanowire arrays on a conductive substrate by using an electrochemical deposition method with aniline as a ligand, Au-Pt nanowires are synthesized by a secondary electro-deposition mode. The electrochemical deposition has controllable reduction capacity, convenient operation and environmental friendliness. The combination of gold nanowires and platinum (Pt) can significantly improve the activity of a catalyst. The diameter of gold-platinum nanowires prepared by the electrochemical deposition method assisted by an aniline ligand can reach 30 nanometers. The increase in the size is helpful to expand the electrochemical active surface area, thereby enhancing the electron transmission efficiency and further improving the electro-catalytic performance. The gold nanowires are integrated into platinum-based nanomaterials, and for an anode catalyst of a direct methanol fuel cell, the gold nanowires can significantly improve the catalytic efficiency of a methanol oxidation reaction.

The utility model discloses a microporous irregular fluctuating semiconductor substrate, which comprises a substrate body, the substrate body comprises a top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces, the top surface and the bottom surface are irregular fluctuating surfaces, and the substrate body is provided with a plurality of micropores communicated with the top surface and the bottom surface. Particularly, the fluctuating root mean square value of the irregular fluctuating surface is not less than 10 nanometers, the equivalent diameter of the micropores is between 1 micrometer and 100 micrometers, and the hole pitch of the micropores is between 1 micrometer and 100 micrometers. According to the utility model, the maximum utilization of the active surface area can be realized, the mass transfer effect is effectively promoted, the reaction activity of the surface in the semiconductor deposition process is improved, and the resistance of a semiconductor device to oxidation erosion is improved.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of photoelectrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction and discloses a preparation method of a Z-type heterojunction composite catalyst, comprising the following steps: dispersing potassium hexatantalate in an anhydrous ethanol solution of cobalt phthalocyanine, stirring, ultrasonicating, and evaporating the anhydrous ethanol; calcining the obtained solid product at 300°C for 2h to obtain K8Ta6O 19 / CoPc composite catalyst. The present invention uses a polyacid K8Ta6O rich in oxygen vacancies 19 By introducing cobalt phthalocyanine, the two semiconductors form a Z-type heterojunction, which can effectively reduce the electron-hole recombination rate, increase the carrier mobility rate, and also contain more oxygen vacancies and a larger electrochemically active surface area, which can provide more active sites and produce strong interactions with CO2 molecules, thereby greatly improving the photoelectrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction performance of the catalyst.

The invention relates to the fields of electrochemistry, food safety and environment detection, in particular to a preparation method, a product and application of a nickel-nitrogen co-doped carbon aerogel material. The preparation method of the nickel-nitrogen co-doped carbon aerogel material comprises the following steps: step 1, uniformly mixing nickel acetate tetrahydrate and 2-methylimidazole, and carrying out solid-phase reaction to obtain a solid solution; and step 2, carrying out carbonization treatment on the solid solution to obtain the nickel-nitrogen co-doped carbon aerogel material. The nickel-nitrogen co-doped carbon aerogel material shows excellent catalytic performance on caffeine and has high sensitivity, a wide detection range and a low detection limit due to the fact that Ni and N-doped carbon aerogel has a high electron transfer rate, more active centers are exposed, the effective active surface area is large, and the catalytic performance of caffeine is greatly improved. The catalytic performance of the sensor on caffeine is greatly improved.

The invention provides an iron nickel phosphide coated NiMoO4 nano array electrocatalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, dissolving a first nickel salt and a molybdenum source in water, carrying out first heating reaction together with foamed nickel, and carrying out heat preservation, so that a NiMoO4 nano array grows on the surface of the foamed nickel to obtain a product; s2, ammonium fluoride, urea, ferric salt and second nickel salt are dissolved in water and then mixed with a product obtained in the step S1, a second heating reaction is conducted, heat preservation is conducted, a FeNi-LDH shell layer grows on the surface of the NiMoO4 nano array, and a product is obtained; s3, hypophosphite and a product obtained in the step S2 are subjected to high-temperature phosphating treatment, FeNi-LDH is converted into a Fe3P / Ni3P heterojunction structure, and the NiMoO4 nano array electrocatalyst coated with the iron-nickel phosphide is obtained. The electrocatalyst has a relatively high active surface area, and has relatively good catalytic performance and stability when being used for electrolyzing seawater.

The invention belongs to the technical field of groundwater pollution treatment, and discloses a dynamic evaluation method and system for the service performance of a PRB material in groundwater pollution remediation, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a pollution remediation concentration curve, and calculating the actual removal amount of a filling material to hexavalent chromium pollutants according to the concentration curve; calculating the active surface area of the filling material, and establishing a correlation model of the active surface area and the removal performance of the filling material based on the active surface and the actual removal amount; measuring complex resistivity spectrum data of different areas at different time points of the polluted site and extracting characteristic parameters of the complex resistivity spectrum data to obtain complex resistivity characteristic parameters; and constructing a mapping model of the actual removal amount of the hexavalent chromium pollutants and the complex resistivity characteristic parameters, and performing zoned quantitative evaluation on the service performance of the filling material based on a calculation result of the mapping model. According to the invention, a whole-process dynamic evaluation system of the repair concentration, the adsorption performance and the electro-physical characteristics is integrated, and real-time dynamic monitoring and quantitative evaluation of the material performance in the in-situ repair project are realized.

The application relates to the field of organic electrochemistry, in particular to a catalytic material, a preparation method thereof and application of the catalytic material in electrocatalytic selective oxidation of alcohols to assist hydrogen production. The application synthesizes a high-efficiency stable bimetallic doped nickel-based metal phosphide catalytic material through a simple hydrothermal and phosphorization method, optimizes the electronic structure of a catalyst surface, and further increases active sites of the catalyst. The catalytic material presents a relatively rough sheet structure, forms a three-dimensional net-like pore structure, enhances the diffusion capacity of ions and electrons at an interface, effectively increases the active surface area in a contact area between an electrode and an electrolyte, and thus improves the catalytic efficiency and kinetic performance. The catalytic material is used in electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols to assist hydrogen evolution, is helpful to renewable energy driven electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, greatly reduces hydrogen production energy consumption and improves hydrogen production rate, and simultaneously catalyzes directional oxidation of alcohols to obtain acid and other high-value-added chemicals.

The present application provides a composite alkaline hydrogen evolution electrode, a preparation method thereof, and a water electrolysis device, relating to the field of electrodes for water electrolysis. The composite alkaline hydrogen evolution electrode comprises a porous metal substrate, a V-VI group compound semiconductor layer, and a transition metal sulfide compound layer arranged in a stacked manner. The present application uses a combination of a porous metal substrate, a V-VI group compound semiconductor layer, and a transition metal sulfide compound layer as an electrode, which increases the roughness of the electrode surface and the electrochemically active surface area of the electrode. The electrode of the present application has high catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction. Moreover, the electrode of the present application also has high resistance to high temperature and strong alkali.

The present application relates to a kind of NiFeMo-based spherical porous composite catalytic material and its preparation method and application, belong to electrocatalytic material technical field.The present application is aimed at solving the problems of complex preparation process of existing material, powder is easy to agglomerate, insufficient controllability of morphology and limited continuous preparation capacity.A kind of NiFeMo-based spherical porous composite catalytic material is provided, it is the composite powder containing Ni, Fe, Mo element, presents monodisperse spherical particle, with multi-level porous structure, Ni, Fe, Mo molar ratio is 10:10:(0.5~2);It is prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis one-step method.The electrochemical active surface area of the material of the present application reaches 0.6303 cm 2 , higher than NiFeV (0.3360 cm 2 ) And NiMo (0.1485 cm 2 ) ; Hydrogen evolution driving potential is smaller, charge transfer resistance is lower, and it is suitable for alkaline electrolytic water cathode hydrogen evolution catalyst.

The invention belongs to the technical field of precious metal nano catalytic materials, and particularly relates to a pretreatment method of a Vxc-72 carbon carrier and application of the Vxc-72 carbon carrier in electrolyzed water and a fuel cell membrane electrode. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out high-temperature treatment on a Vxc-72 carbon carrier in a nitrogen or inert atmosphere, then mixing the treated Vxc-72 carbon carrier with an alkaline solution, carrying out a hydrothermal reaction, and washing and drying to obtain the pretreated Vxc-72 carbon carrier. The specific surface area of the Vxc-72 carbon carrier treated by the process is remarkably increased, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface is increased, the electrochemical active surface area is enlarged, and the noble metal loading capacity is remarkably improved. In the application of electrolyzed water, the carbon carrier is used as a catalyst carrier to prepare a membrane electrode which shows excellent performance, and the stability is obviously improved. When the carbon carrier is applied to a fuel cell membrane electrode, the carbon carrier is used as a catalyst carrier, and the power density and durability of a fuel cell can be remarkably improved; the method is suitable for large-scale production and application in the field of energy conversion.

This invention relates to a method for preparing a hollow spherical, chlorine-free PtCu / C catalyst and its application. The preparation method includes the following steps: calcining a carbon support in a reducing atmosphere; dispersing the calcined carbon support in an alcohol-water mixture and adding an oxidant for a hydrothermal reaction; uniformly dispersing the hydrothermally reacted carbon support in the alcohol-water mixture and adjusting the pH to acidic to obtain a carbon support suspension; and adding Pt(NH4+)4 to the carbon support. 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 Solution and Cu(NH4) 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 A carbon-supported suspension was added to the solution, followed by reduction with a reducing agent to obtain a chlorine-free PtCu / C catalyst, wherein the PtCu is a nano-hollow sphere structure. This invention eliminates the contamination caused by residual Cl ions in existing catalysts; the synergistic and ligand effects between Pt and Cu atoms weaken the adsorption strength of oxygen-containing intermediates at Pt sites during the ORR process, lowering the reaction energy barrier of the catalyst in the oxygen reduction process; the high atomic utilization and large electrochemical active surface area of ​​the hollow sphere structure also facilitate the catalytic reaction, resulting in excellent ORR electrocatalytic activity and stability of the catalyst.

The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, in particular to a lithium battery positive electrode material based on a high-entropy oxide, a preparation method of the lithium battery positive electrode material and a lithium battery. In the lithium battery positive electrode material provided by the invention, Fe and Ni elements can construct abundant active sites and provide rapid electron transfer, so that the high-entropy effect can be improved, and a stable single-phase solid solution structure can be formed; the Co element can generate a slow diffusion effect, different atoms are mutually hindered, diffusion of surface atoms is inhibited, the trend of generating small HEOs particles in the HEOs forming process is caused, and therefore the specific surface area and the active surface area are increased; the Cu element can better improve the conductivity; the Mg element can be used as a structure stabilizer, stabilizes a single-phase solid solution through size matching and an entropy increasing effect, and optimizes electrochemical, catalytic and corrosion-resistant properties at the same time; the CC is subjected to acid treatment, so that the formation of nanocrystallized HEO is effectively induced, and the contact area of the electrolyte is increased; and meanwhile, through high-temperature air annealing, lithium ion de-intercalation active sites are provided.

An electrode (2) comprising a sheet made of lithium or a lithium alloy coated on at least one of its faces with a coating (5) comprising at least one compound capable of lithiasis at a potential between 0 and 1 V with respect to Li+ / Li, characterized by an electrochemically active surface area S ranging from 100 to 1700 cm² per cm² of lithium or lithium alloy, the electrochemically active surface area being defined by the relation S = 1 + SBET × electrode weight where: - SBET (cm² / g) is the surface area BET of the compound capable of lithiasis at a potential between 0 and 1 V with respect to Li+ / Li; - the electrode weight (g / cm²) is the mass of compound capable of lithiasis at a potential between 0 and 1 V with respect to Li+ / Li deposited per cm² of lithium or lithium alloy. Abbreviated figure: Figure 1

The application discloses a kind of ligand control oxygen evolution catalyst surface reconfiguration method and catalyst and application.The method involves ligand tuning surface reconstruction, can simultaneously incorporate doped cation and oxygen vacancy, to improve the catalytic activity of OER.By using nickel telluride, nickel oxide, nickel sulfide or nickel selenide as a pre-catalyst, based on the ligand-induced delayed doping effect using ammonia complex in alkaline electrolyte, a surface engineering heterojunction structure consisting of nickel-based pre-catalyst and (oxy) hydroxide is developed.The method of the application is simple in process, easy to operate, and can be popularized in industry;And the oxygen evolution catalyst prepared has the characteristics of rich active site and oxygen vacancy, large chemical active surface area, good stability, controllable, low cost.

The invention discloses an all-vanadium redox flow battery carbon felt based on W-CCN and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy storage, and the method comprises the following steps: mixing and dissolving urea and ammonium metatungstate in deionized water, heating in a water bath, stirring, evaporating to dryness, mixing with lithium chloride, uniformly grinding, sequentially roasting, cooling to room temperature, washing, and drying to obtain the all-vanadium redox flow battery carbon felt based on W-CCN. The W-CCN composite material is obtained; the W-CCN composite material is prepared into a W-CCN solution; and soaking the carbon felt in the W-CCN solution, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the W-CCN-based all-vanadium redox flow battery carbon felt. W-CCN is loaded on the carbon felt, and tungsten is used as an efficient catalytic center to accelerate positive and negative electrode electron transfer, so that the activation energy is reduced, and side reactions are reduced; the W-CCN nanostructure increases the electrochemical active surface area, more active sites are exposed, and the utilization rate of the electrolyte is improved; the nitrogen functional group improves the hydrophilicity of the carbon felt, ensures full permeation of electrolyte and reduces ion transmission ohmic polarization; and the W-N bond slows down electrochemical corrosion and oxidation of the carbon felt, improves the electrode durability and prolongs the cycle life of the battery.

Method for manufacturing a negative electrode (10) for an electrochemical cell of a lithium metal battery, the method comprising: Providing an electrically conductive metal substrate; Providing a non-aqueous, liquid electrolyte solution, including a lithium salt dissolved in a polar aprotic organic solvent; at least partial immersion of a surface of the metal substrate in the electrolyte solution; and Establishing an electrical potential between the metal substrate and a counter electrode (32) that is at least partially immersed in the electrolyte solution, so that lithium ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced to metallic lithium and deposited on the surface of the metal substrate in the form of a porous three-dimensional columnar lithium metal layer (18, 20) in order to increase an active surface area of ​​the lithium metal layer due to its porosity, wherein the lithium salt lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and the polar aprotic organic solvents fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), and wherein the columnar lithium metal layer (18,20) comprises a plurality of polycrystalline or amorphous columns (22) of lithium metal with proximal ends (24) adjacent to the surface of the current collector (14,16) and distal ends (26) extending away from the current collector (12).

The application provides a Ru / La-NiCoP / BM catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The preparation method can efficiently and stably prepare the Ru / La-NiCoP / BM catalyst through a preparation process of 'hydrothermal treatment + electrodeposition treatment + low-temperature phosphating treatment'. The price of raw materials used for preparation is much lower than that of a Pt-based noble metal catalyst, the preparation cost is relatively low, large-scale production is easy, and great innovation is brought to hydrogen production by water electrolysis, large-scale energy conversion and storage by using renewable energy. The catalyst has a 3D interconnected nanosheet structure, ensures uniform distribution of Ru therein, effectively improves the electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of the Ru / La-NiCoP / BM catalyst, and can accelerate electron transmission and reaction kinetics in the catalytic process, and has excellent HER catalytic activity and stability.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium ion battery positive electrode material characterization, and relates to an NFPP material specific surface area determination method based on cyclic voltammetry and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: adopting a three-electrode system (provided with a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode), adopting a 1mol / L NaClO4 / EC: PC organic solution as an electrolyte, scanning at the rate of 5-100mV / s in a potential interval of 2.0-3.8 V, and keeping the interval between adjacent rates of 5-10mV / s; and obtaining a double-electric-layer capacitance difference value delta Cdl of adjacent rates through current-rate linear fitting, and calculating the specific surface area by utilizing a formula (1). According to the method, direct association of slurry state-electrode performance is proposed for the first time, a dynamic capacitance response model is innovatively constructed, delta Cdl / delta v (delta v is a scanning rate interval, and delta Cdl is a double-electrode-layer capacitance difference value) is adopted to replace static double-electrode-layer capacitance Cdl, and an active surface area quantification method matched with full-battery charging and discharging rate response is established.

This invention discloses a MOF-derived C@Cu supported high specific surface area Pd-Cu hydrogen evolution catalyst. The MOF-derived C@Cu supported high specific surface area Pd-Cu hydrogen evolution catalyst is composed of Cu and Cu₂O supports, Pd particles, and high specific surface area Pd-Cu flowers. In the C@Cu-Pd catalyst, C@Cu not only serves as a support to disperse Pd particles and prevent aggregation, but the Cu in the support can also interact with Pd to form high specific surface area Pd-Cu flowers. This results in a more uniform dispersion of Cu within the support, constrained by the original framework structure. Furthermore, the growth of high specific surface area Pd-Cu flower structures on the Cu support surface via a simple chemical reduction method increases the specific surface area of ​​the material, thereby increasing the effective active surface area of ​​the catalyst and improving its electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

Despite the existence and deployment of a range of antimicrobial / disinfectant / sterilization technologies and products, transmission of infectious diseases remains a significant problem worldwide, continuing to cause hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths every year of both human beings and animals. State-of-the-art technologies suffer from several disadvantages including being discrete in space and time, being overly dependent on human skill and discipline, and in some cases having harmful side-effects to human health. This invention proposes a series of industrial grade antimicrobial product designs, and materials and methods to make them highly effective products that offer continuous antimicrobial action, with minimum dependence on human discipline and skill once deployed, and with no harmful side-effects. Methods may include either or both first and second materials be formed by vapor or solution-based coating schemes and many may be antimicrobial in nature. Nanopores and / or nanotubes engender an ultra-high anti-microbially active surface area.

The invention discloses a Zn-La diatomic carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electro-catalytic materials. According to the catalyst, a zinc-based zeolite imidazate framework material serves as a precursor, a Zn / NC intermediate is prepared through salt template assisted high-temperature carbonization, lanthanum is introduced through an impregnation-annealing process, and the Zn-La double-atom anchored nitrogen-doped carbon-based catalyst ZnLa / NC is constructed. The reaction initial potential is reduced, the charge transfer resistance is reduced, the electrochemical active surface area is enlarged, the preparation method is simple and controllable, the raw materials are easy to obtain, the prepared catalyst is excellent in stability, an ideal material is provided for preparing CO through efficient CO2 electrochemical reduction, and wide industrial application prospects are achieved.

The present invention relates to a super-anaerobic dual-function water electrolysis electrode based on a non-noble metal-non-metal mixed catalyst and a manufacturing method therefor. According to the present invention, by reducing the size of gas bubbles, which are generated during a water electrolysis reaction, to be easily separated from the electrode surface and at the same time, to maximize the active surface area of a catalyst, a super-anaerobic water electrolysis electrode having excellent performance can be provided.

The invention provides a fuel cell circulation cold start damage macro-micro correlation defining method and system, and belongs to the technical field of fuel cell performance detection.The method comprises the following steps that firstly, the system is initialized, and original samples of a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer are obtained; calibrating the initial water content of the battery through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; carrying out freeze-thaw cycle accelerated stress tests for not less than 3 times; performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry test in the middle and later periods of the cycle, and calculating the electrochemical activity surface area to quantify the catalytic activity attenuation; disassembling the battery after the test, and quantifying a microcosmic damage index; and finally, establishing a quantitative correlation model of the macroscopic performance and the microscopic damage, dividing the damage into a slight type, a moderate type and a serious type according to a threshold value, and outputting a defining result. According to the method, macro-micro accurate association, quantitative evaluation and grading of the circulating cold start damage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell are realized, and the method has the outstanding advantages of clear mechanism, standard process, high engineering practicability and the like.